Spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation in Haihe River basin, 1958–2007

The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations (WS) of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges (RG) of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958–2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995–2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958–2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.     

北京市甲型H1N1早期流行的特征与时空演变模式

甲型H1N1 正在全球快速传播,中国因人口众多而成为受甲型H1N1 潜在威胁最严重的地区之一。基于流行病学调查得到的8 月15 日以前的北京市甲型H1N1 病例数据,论文分析了甲型H1N1 的流行病学特征,并探讨了94 起聚集爆发事件的时空演变模式。论文还对比了北京市的甲型H1N1 与2003 年SARS的空间传播网络,结果表明,两次流行事件的空间传播模式具有类似模式,朝阳区-海淀区-城市中心区(东城、西城、崇文、宣武) 是影响北京市疫情发展的关键。在资源有限情况下,重点关注这个三角地带的人群防控对缓减北京市甲型H1N1 疫情会产生更积极的作用。北京市甲型H1N1 的早期防控是有效和及时的。     

北京北部上侏罗统辫状河体系沉积特征

根据野外露头的沉积构造和沉积层序特征,对北京北部延庆硅化木国家地质公园上侏罗统后城组进行沉积相研究,认为该地区以辫状河沉积为主,构成辫状河体系的4种沉积微相类型包括河道、心滩、河间湖泊和溢岸沉积,其中的溢岸沉积相当于曲流河中发育的决口河道与决口扇沉积。运用基准面旋回变化原理,识别出了2个中期旋回和构成中期旋回的多个短期旋回。总结了基准面旋回特征,阐明了地层叠加样式随A/S(可容纳空间/沉积物供给)比值的变化规律,认为低A/S比值时,河道砂体的连通性较好,而高A/S比值时,河道较孤立,连通性较差;且溢岸沉积的地层厚度随着A/S比值的增加不断增大,溢岸沉积的厚度可以作为判断可容纳空间大小的一个依据。     

蒙自地区蒸发折算系数分析

利用始于1953年的蒙自气候站小型蒸发器和始于1986年的E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量观测资料,计算两种蒸发器蒸发量的折算系数,并与相关分析及线性拟合的结果进行对比分析。结果表明：蒙自站小型蒸发器与E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量的时程分配基本一致,两者之间具有较好的相关关系,线性拟合的线性系数与折算系数较为一致,且检验结果较为接近,推算出该地区两种仪器年蒸发量的折算系数为0.65。研究结果可用于本地区的气候评价、水量平衡分析、水资源调查等。     

Seasonal and spatial characteristics of seawater and sediment at Youngil Bay, southeast coast of Korea

The seasonal geochemical characteristics of the seawater and sediments and the major factors causing heavy metal contamination were investigated at the Youngil bay and the Hyungsan river estuary in the Southeast Coast of Korea, where a world-scale steel-industry complex (Pohang iron and steel industrial complex, POSCO) is located. The seasonal and spatial distribution characteristics of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and nutrients of the seawater were studied at 45 fixed stations, especially focusing on the river mouth area. Sediments at 27 stations were examined during winter and summer to determine the major controlling factors for the distribution of metals, using correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses, and to evaluate the pollution status, using the modified geoaccumulation (I(geo)(')) index. Temperatures for the effluent from the POSCO located at the Hyungsan river mouth were 2-3 degrees C higher compared to other sampling areas, due to the thermal discharge from the POSCO. The DO concentration of the surface water at the Pohang old port was as low as 2-4 mg/L. In spring, the DO value at the Hyungsan river mouth was higher than 12 mg/L, by the mass multiplication of phytoplanktons at the river mouth where seawater temperature and nutrients concentrations were relatively high, resulting in the pH value of higher than 8.3. The nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P) ratios at the river mouth were 20-150 times higher compared to other areas, implying that the nitrogen loading into this semi-enclosed bay is significantly higher than phosphorus and the major nitrogen sources are not only the domestic sewage from the city but the industrial wastewater from the POSCO and other steel factories nearby. The phosphorus concentrations at the Pohang old port were shown 3-10 times higher than those at other stations, due to the inflow of pollutants generated from the nearby ships anchoring and the release of phosphate from the bottom sediment. Results from the sediment analysis showed that the major controlling factors for the distribution pattern of each metal are grain size and organic carbon (C(org)) content. Based on the factor analysis, Al, Fe, Cr, Li, and Pb were shown strongly correlated with the mean grain size (Mz), whereas Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sn with the C(org) content. Results from the fractionation of the sedimentary metals into lattice and labile fractions to characterize the mobility of sediment metals showed that the mineral lattice fraction was high in the order of Al=K>Cr>Li>Sr>Fe, while the labile fraction, which might be released to the overlying water, was in the order of Pb>Zn>Cd>Cu>Ca>Sn. Evaluation of the sediment pollution status by applying (I(geo)(')) of 13 metals showed Cd, Cu, and Zn as high as 1-3 range at the old port. Even though the overall marine pollution mainly by the world-class steel industrial complex in this semi-enclosed bay area studied does not currently pose a serious threat, due to the seawater circulation and the large influx of river discharge, the countermeasures to implement the sediments concentrated with heavy metals, especially at the old port with no seawater circulation, are still warranted for this coastal water environment.     

Textual research of 1219 A.D. Guyuan earthquake in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China and discussion on its causative structure

On the basis of textual research on the historical earthquake data and the field investigation of 1219 A.D.Guyuan earthquake,we suggest that there is only one strong earthquake occurred in Guyuan area in 1219 A.D.,instead of two or three strong earthquakes.We further suggest that the earthquake parameters recorded in the present earth-quake catalogs are not definite and should be modified.The occurrence time of this earthquake should be about 11 am,August 7,1219 A.D.and the heavily-damaged area of this earthquake,the VIII intensity area,should be lo-cated among the regions of Guyuan,Pingliang and Longde county cities.The epicenter area should be near Gu-yuan city.The magnitude of this earthquake is about 7 and it has intensity about larger than or equal to IX within the epicenter area.The major axis direction of the heavily-damaged area strikes in north-northwest that is ap-proximately consistent with the strike of the Liupan Shan thrust fault zone.The new tectonic activity of the Liupan Shan thrust fault zone resulted in the M7 Guyuan earthquake in 1219 A.D.     

SRA1B情景下中国主要作物需水预测

分析气候变化下中国主要作物需水规律,有助于从粮食安全与水资源可持续利用角度应对气候变化。根据IPCC提供的SRA1B情景下大气环流模式MIROC3.2的输出,利用FAOPenman-Monteith公式计算参考作物腾发量;根据FAO作物系数、SAGE作物分布与柯本气候分类,得到计算单元的作物系数,根据参考作物腾发量与作物系数估算作物需水量;考虑需水与有效降水旬尺度的随机匹配,预测SRA1B情景下未来50年中国各地区主要作物的灌溉需水量。结果表明,参考作物腾发量总体上呈上升趋势,全国平均增加约8%;作物需水量总体上呈增加趋势,东北地区平均增加约10%;灌溉需水量总体上呈增加趋势,东北与华南增加显著。分析表明,SRA1B情景下气温升高是作物需水量增加的主要原因,降水的增加使华北地区灌溉需水量的增加不显著,降水的减少使东北与华南灌溉需水量显著增加。     

PM2.5降尘对大鼠的急性肺损伤及复合维生素B的干预作用研究

为探讨复合维生素B(叶酸、B_6和B_(12))能否抑制PM_(2.5)对大鼠的急性肺损伤作用,本研究将56只SD大鼠随机分成对照组、不同剂量(0. 4、2. 0、10. 0 mg/m L) PM_(2.5)染毒组和相应的复合维生素B干预组(0. 02 mg/m L叶酸、1 mg/m L维生素B6、0. 002 5 mg/m L维生素B12),取肺组织进行HE染色观察组织病理学形态变化并进行病理学评分;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定总蛋白(TP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量。结果显示,PM_(2.5)染毒能对大鼠肺组织造成不同程度的病理性损伤,复合维生素B能减缓此损伤;与对照组相比,低、中、高剂量的PM_(2.5)染毒大鼠可引起BALF中LDH、AKP、ACP、TP和MDA含量显著升高(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P 0. 05),且TP和MDA含量随染毒剂量的增加而升高(P 0. 05),CAT活性随染毒剂量的增加而降低; 3个染毒剂量的复合维生素B干预组LDH、TP和MDA含量显著降低(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著升高(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)低、高剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量显著降低(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)中剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量无显著改变;仅有PM_(2.5)低剂量+复合维生素B组AKP含量降低(P 0. 05),其余干预组AKP含量无显著变化。因此认为,PM_(2.5)降尘能打破机体的氧化-抗氧化平衡,造成大鼠急性肺损伤,而复合维生素B能减缓此损伤,对机体起到保护作用。     

内蒙古东南部开鲁盆地龙湾筒九佛堂组火山岩地质特征

开鲁盆地为陆相火山岩盆地。勘探结果表明,在陆相火山岩盆地中获得了工业油流,为寻找石油油藏开辟了新途径。龙湾筒凹陷的火山岩以火山熔岩、火山碎屑沉积岩为主,根据岩石特征,可划分为三种岩相：溢流相、火山爆发相和火山沉积相。溢流相以熔岩为主,包括安山岩、粗面岩、粗安岩、玄武岩和玄武安山岩;火山爆发相岩石包括火山角砾岩和凝灰岩;火山沉积岩相岩石包括凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质泥岩。依据火山岩相划分,结合火山岩测井和地震反射特征,对龙湾筒凹陷火山岩纵向上的变化和平面上的展布进行了讨论,特别是对储集性能好的溢流相岩石进行了圈定。