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The Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand, has a history of catastrophic sediment‐laden outburst ?oods associated with extreme rainfall events when the glacier toe is advanced over its own sediments. Consideration of these events and inspection of recent sediment deposits suggest that there are three distinct modes of outburst. The ?rst is associated with fans fed by over?ow along the glacier margin. As the glacier has advanced across its own fore?eld gravels, it is inferred that the primary drainage conduit has developed a reach of negative slope. In high ?ows massive boulders can block the conduit, trapping lesser clasts. The resulting backup of water causes over?ows through marginal moulins, producing the fan type of deposit. The second type of outburst deposits massive imbricated boulders at a greater or lesser distance from the glacier portal. In this case, pressure buildup drives the blockage out of the portal where the boulders deposit. Smaller materials are generally carried away. The third type consists of very shallow ?ows, and produces massive gravel deposits of uncertain provenance. In this condition, the excess pressure in the conduit results in slight uplift of the glacier and widespread discharge of water and sediment below the glacier snout; gravels and smaller sediments are laid down in a massive deposit across the fore?eld. The massive, boulder‐veneered deposit from the December 1995 outburst is interpreted in the light of the above mechanisms as a hyperconcentrated ?ow deposit from hydraulic jacking, overlain by boulders emplaced by a subsequent conduit outburst. A possible association of outbursts with the present advanced position of the glacier is suggested. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
33.
全国干旱遥感监测运行系统的研制 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11
该研究利用1981-1994的NOAA AVHRR 8km分辨率的NDVI资料,以及对应时段全国102个固定农业观测站的20cm深的土壤湿度资料,建立了植被状态指数(VCI)与土壤湿度之间的统计模型,由土壤湿度旱情等级标准来换算出每旬用VCI进行干旱监测的旱情等级标准,以确定出全国的旬旱情分布状况,在此工作的基础上建成了“全国干旱遥感则运行系统”,该运行系统使遥感手段监测全国干旱成为可能,将能提供每年3-9月每旬全国的干旱监测情况,为国家有关决策部门提供干旱减灾的决策依据。 相似文献
34.
Recent Precipitation Trends in Hungary in the Context of Larger Scale Climatic Changes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The time series of monthly precipitation totals from 14 Hungarian observing stations (1901–1998) were analysed to reveal the long term changes in precipitation characteristics occurred in the 20th century. A particular attention was given to the changes in the recent decades and their links with the larger scale climatic and circulation changes over Europe and the Atlantic.The statistical significancesof systematic changes are controlled by linear trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test. The long term fluctuations are illustrated applying a 15-point Gaussian filter on the time series. The Standardised Precipitation Index is used to evaluate the changes in the drought event frequency. The relationships with larger scale changes are mostly discussed relying on contemporary papers, and the Grosswetterlagen Catalogue is used as well.The annual precipitation total decreased by 15–20% in Hungary during the 20th century. The decline is substantial in both halves of the century, but the precipitation sums in the transition seasons declined in the first 50 years, and the winter precipitation decreased in the latest decades. The precipitation total of the period November–February declined significantly in the last 50 years. In the same time the mean winter value of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI) increased, the positions of the main pressure patterns over the Atlantic are shifted northeastward, and lot of other coherent changes detected in the winter climate of the European–Atlantic region. The mean summer precipitation total has hardly changed, but the frequency of summer drought events increased. There are some signs of a shift of the Hungarian summer climate towards a Mediterranean like climate. 相似文献
35.
Charles E Schweger 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(1):44-49
Pollen analysis at two sites, correlated by the presence of the 190,000 yr-old Sheep Creek tephra, documents fluctuations in vegetation and climate consistent with this date and indicates that the records span marine oxygen isotope stage 7 and the stage 6/7 transition. Dawson Cut, near Fairbanks, Alaska, provides a 5.2-m-long pollen record of interglacial boreal forest succeeded by shrub tundra and then forest/tundra. Ash Bend, Stewart River, central Yukon, provides a 9.5-m-long record of interglacial boreal forest succeeded by forest/tundra, shrub tundra, and herbaceous tundra. The replacement of forest at both sites by more open or tundra vegetation indicates warm interglacial conditions giving way to cold and arid climate. It is not clear whether stage 7 was warmer than the present. The warm-cool-warm climate oscillation evident at both sites may correlate to Lake Baikal substages 7a, 7b, and 7c. Sheep Creek tephra fell on forest/tundra vegetation. 相似文献
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江西省夏季干旱特征分析 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
根据1951~2000年江西省降雨量、降雨日数、降雨变率等资料,统计和分析江西省夏季干旱期间降雨量、降雨日数、降雨变率等变化与地理分布客观特征.文章还对江西干旱标准、干旱指数与伏、秋干旱时空分布客观特征等进行分析.分析结果为江西人工增雨抗旱作业提供依据. 相似文献
39.
江淮流域夏季严重旱涝与大气季节内振荡 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料和中国气象局国家气象中心提供的中国台站降水资料,分析研究了江淮流域大范围严重旱涝的20-70天大气季节内振荡(ISO)特征。结果表明,对应江淮流域严重涝年,200hPa青藏高原北部存在ISO气旋性环流,青藏高原南部存在ISO反气旋性环流;大气ISO流型在对流层中低层850hPa主要是我国长江以南、南海和西太平洋地区为大气ISO反气旋性环流,我国长江以北到日本地区的大气ISO气旋性环流,我国江淮流域位于这两个ISO涡旋西侧偏南气流和偏北气流的交汇处;旱年反之。利用向量经验正交展开方法得到,上述大气ISO环流型分别是旱涝年大气ISO流型的第一模态,并且涝年大气ISO流型的振幅强,旱年振幅弱。进一步分析揭示,严重洪涝(干旱)年分别对应对流层中上层江淮流域及其以北的中高纬度地区有强(弱)的大气ISO活动。中高纬度地区的大气ISO在严重洪涝年向南传播,与低纬度向北传播的大气ISO在江淮流域汇合;而在严重干旱年,虽然大气ISO可向北传播,但向南的传播却很不明显。 相似文献
40.
我国9大气候区降水特性及其物理成因的研究Ⅰ——基本特性分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
首先利用旱涝Z指数对全国9大气候区的旱涝进行了评定,并给出我国9大气候区旱涝Z指数的分布图。分析结果表明,1950年代我国除新疆地区处于偏早期外,其它几个区都处于多雨量期,1960年代由多雨向少雨转变的时期,1970年代——1980年代中期我国大部分地区处于雨量偏少期;1990年之后我国各个区的雨量都有所增加。此外,还应用Morlet小波变化对我国9大气候区降水的旱涝周期变化、旱涝分型及变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明:在16年、32年层次变化上,各气候区在不同时间段上,8年层次上降水的变化出现了一定的规律:东北、华北在1980年之后存在1年位相差;而长江中下游、江南及华南三者之间在1951~1970年时段上依次有着2年的位相差;长江中下游、内蒙及新疆之间依次存在着3年位相差。 相似文献