塔里木溢流玄武岩火山通道的三维结构及其热成因气体释放

塔里木上奥陶统-志留系沉积地层中广泛发育早二叠世溢流玄武岩的火山通道相岩床-岩墙网络。三维地震数据解释结果显示,这些火山通道以平行围岩地层的岩床和斜切围岩地层的"碟状岩床"为主要特征。在玄武岩喷发过程中,火山通道岩浆的热量可以导致沉积围岩发生热接触变质并将沉积围岩中的有机质转化为"热成因气体"。在塔北英买2井区火山通道烘烤沉积围岩模型基础上,利用有限元热模拟方法确定了该区早二叠世玄武岩喷发时火山通道热烘烤影响范围随时间的变化。基于沉积围岩有机质丰度估算,该区热烘烤成因甲烷释放量可达11.3Gt(即113亿吨)。如果整个塔里木溢流玄武岩省具有与英买2地区相同的释放强度,则塔里木溢流玄武岩省活动期间释放的甲烷总量可达7062.5Gt,必然导致非常显著的环境效应。同时,玄武岩火山通道岩浆引起的热接触变质作用对已存在的油藏具有明显的破坏作用,塔里木盆地古生界总量约8~10Gt的油藏破坏和大量沥青的形成可能与此有关。     

基于神经网络的页岩微纳米孔隙微结构分析的正则化和最优化方法

页岩气成藏机理与页岩内部孔隙结构紧密相关,对页岩孔隙结构的研究成为页岩气勘探开发技术中至关重要的一环。页岩内部不同结构体组分对X-射线的吸收能谱不一样,这样就导致观测数据是由不同页岩组分衰减不同波段的X-射线构成的。经过对CT图像分割,能够获得页岩微孔结构的图像,尤其是获得有机质中孔隙类别、形状、尺寸、空间分布、连通特性。本文利用同步辐射X射线扫描重构的页岩CT数据,研究并设计基于多能CT图像的神经网络图像分割技术和算法,以期得到页岩体三维结构特征及空间分布,可以为建立有机质种类和无机矿物组成与微纳孔隙特征的联系以及最终实现页岩气的资源储量评估和勘探开发提供技术支持。     

基于人工鱼群算法和SCA等效理论的井中横波速度预测方法

在建立页岩岩石物理模型的基础上,根据等效自相容近似(SCA)岩石物理模型,构建出岩石的纵波速度、横波速度与岩石密度、组分和孔隙度等的定量关系,得出使理论纵波速度和实际纵波速度最接近的孔隙纵横比,进而将该孔隙纵横比作为约束条件来实现横波速度预测。反演算法利用人工鱼群算法来计算最佳孔隙纵横比,并将预测的横波速度与实际测得的横波速度对比,证明了人工鱼群算法的有效性。     

内蒙古南部晚二叠世同生变形构造与陆缘裂陷

内蒙南部林西县至正镶白旗林西—正镶白旗地区晚二叠世地层中,发现类型繁多的同生变形构造。除前人报道的滑卷层理、滑塌褶皱、滑塌砾岩和浊积砂砾岩以外,还有本文首次发现的大量球状体,包括滚动纺锤体、叠加滑卷球核、砾核滚动球、砂质滚动球和泥质滚动球。形态结构、成分组成和地层分布研究表明,这些构造形体均属重力成因和形成在陆棚—斜坡上。不同类型的构造形体可以组成来源演变序列,显示重力作用的加强,如滑卷层理通过"叠加滑卷"变成滑卷叠加球核,再通过"滚动粘结"变成滚动球体。它们形成和保存都受特定环境因素控制,因此各自具有特殊指相意义。大量同生变形构造出现,反映沿华北板块北缘出现陆棚、斜坡和深水海槽环境,证明晚二叠世兴—蒙海槽再次裂开,并形成"林西—九台裂陷带"。     

2017年九寨沟7.0级地震序列震源机制解和构造应力场特征

九寨沟余震序列的震源机制和构造应力场有助于认识本次地震的发震构造和孕震机理。本文基于四川区域地震台网的波形资料, 采用波形拟合(CAP)方法和P波初动+振幅比(HASH)方法反演得到2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震序列中59次ML≥3.0地震的震源机制解, 并基于该结果采用阻尼线性逆推法(DRSSI), 计算研究区域的平均构造应力场, 给出该区域的应力场特征。结果显示, 利用CAP方法反演得到的本次主震的最佳双力偶机制解节面I: 走向248°/倾角86°/滑动角–169°, 节面II: 走向157°/倾角79°/滑动角–4°, 矩震级为Mw6.31, 矩心深度5 km, 属走滑型地震事件; 大部分余震的震源机制解错动类型与主震一致, 矩心深度集中在3~10 km; 应力场反演结果显示, 该区域周边的应力性质为走滑型, 最大主应力方向呈NWW–SEE向, 与该区域的应力场方向一致, 表明本次地震主要受区域应力的控制。结合该区域的地震地质构造等已有研究成果, 分析认为此次地震的发震断层为走向NW–SE、倾向SW的左旋走滑断裂——树正断裂, 巴颜喀拉块体向E-SE向的水平运动受到华南块体的强烈阻挡导致此次地震的发生, 汶川地震的发生对本次地震具有一定的促进作用。     

地震叠前反演方法预测页岩脆性指数在南川地区的应用

页岩气的有效开发依赖水平井的压裂效果,而页岩脆性是影响页岩压裂的关键因素。通过对比分析现有的3种脆性指数计算方法,即矿物脆性指数计算法、岩石力学脆性指数计算法、基于多元回归脆性指数计算法,优选基于多元回归的脆性指数计算法计算五峰—龙马溪组(简称龙马溪组)页岩储层脆性指数。以四川盆地东部南川地区龙马溪组海相页岩气为例,利用南川地区三维地震资料叠前反演方法,获取多元回归脆性指数计算方程所需的参数,预测页岩脆性指数。结果表明,在已有钻井矿物脆性指标约束下,叠前反演法计算的脆性指数平面预测效果较好,且与实际压裂数据具有较好的一致性,能够满足南川地区页岩气勘探开发的需要。     

开挖条件下含陡倾结构面顺层岩质边坡破坏模式与稳定性预测

顺层岩质边坡易发生失稳破坏,当边坡中发育有顺坡向陡倾结构面时,更不利于边坡稳定。以贵州某水电站大坝左岸含陡倾结构面顺层边坡为例,在综合分析地质条件及开挖扰动的基础上,结合离散元软件UDEC,分析了边坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性。研究结果表明,边坡可能发生的变形破坏模式主要有滑移、拉裂—滑移两种;自然状况下及开挖后,边坡都有沿断层f_9、卸荷裂隙L_1及岩层面发生滑移的趋势,且工程开挖导致边坡沿该结构面发生内部滑动;对边坡采用预应力锚索加固后,变形得到有效控制,位移数值计算值与实际监测值基本吻合。     

Generation and Development of Structures and Their Controls on Ore Mineralization in the Lehong Zinc-lead Deposit,Northeastern YunnanEI北大核心CSCD

The Lehong zinc-lead deposit is one of the new-found large Zn-Pb deposits in the Sichuan- Yunnan-Guizhou Zn-Pb poly-metallic mineralization area. The ore-bodies of the Lehong deposit are strictly controlled by structures, and the fault tectonites can be divided into four groups which include morbruk rock, cataclastic rock and tectonic breccia. The mechanical properties of the faults suggest that there are five tectonic systems formed in the Caledonian-early Hercynian, Indosinian-early Yanshanian, mid-Yanshanian, late Yanshanian and Himalayan periods, respectively. The Lehong fault and the Qiaojia-Lianfeng fault are two important ore-controlling structures which might have acted as channel ways of the ore fluids. The ores are hosted in the subordinary fracture zone, joint fracture zone and interlayer fault zones in trailing folds of the Lehong fault and the Baobaoshang syncline and Jinjiagou anticline. Hence, the Lehong deposit is a tectonic -controlled ore deposit. These research do not only lay a foundation for studying deposit genesis and ore-finding direction in the Lehong deposit, but also provides important enlightenments for the ore-finding prognosis of lead-zinc deposits in northwestern Guizhou ore concentration district. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.     

Paleogene Deformation and its Control Mechanism in the Central Part of Raoyang SagEI北大核心CSCD

Various Palaeogenic deformations have been recognized in the central part of the Raoyang Sag. Based on seismic interpretation, the sedimentary sequences, structure features and activity of main faults have been studied. The results show that the Xianxian detachment fault, which is located in the eastern boundary of the Raoyang Sag, was still active during the Cenozoic and controlled the basinal deformation. The detachment depth and deformation of the Xianxian detachment fault are discussed based on the area-balance theory. The results reveal that patterns of the Paleogene structures vary considerably from the north to the south. Activity of the main faults in the hanging wall of the Xianxian detachment led to a westward migration of the deposition center. On the other hand, the uplifting of the dome related to the detachment resulted in fast denudation of the overlying sediments in locals. The deformation of detachment fault and activities of the major faults controlled the Paleogene deformation in the central part of the Raoyang Sag. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.     

A virtual globe-based time-critical adaptive visualization method for 3D city models

3D city models, which are important items of content on the virtual globe, are characterized by complicated structures and large amounts of data. These factors make the visualization of 3D city models highly dependent upon the performance of computer hardware. Thus, achieving the efficient rendering of 3D city models using different hardware performance levels represents one of the key problems currently facing researchers. This paper proposes a time-critical adaptive visualization method that first estimates the possible rendering time for each model according to the data structure of the model in addition to the CPU/GPU performance of the computer. It then dynamically adjusts the rendering level for each model based on the results of an estimation of the rendering time to ensure that the final scene can be completed within a given time. To verify the effectiveness and flexibility of this method, it is applied using different computers. The results show that the adaptive visualization method presented in this paper not only can adapt to computers with different levels of performances but also demonstrates an obvious improvement in the time estimation precision, visual effects, and optimization speed relative to existing adaptive visualization methods.