Comparative analysis on soil engineering classifications of China and America

Based on China National Standard of Soil Engineering Classification (GB/T 50145-2007) and the Unified Soil Classification System of American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM D-2478), two kinds of soil laboratory engineering classification methods were discussed and analyzed from the aspects of the definition in particle fraction, classification of soil type and evaluation standard for soil gradation. There is a same limit of fine grains fraction in the two standards, and there are three main types of soil in GB/T 50145-2007 and two in ASTM D-2487. Different evaluation standards of gradation are put forward for gravels and sands in ASTM D-2487. Same criteria of A line, B line and controlling value of plastic index are in the plasticity chart of both standards.     

The exceptionally hot summer of 2007 in Athens, Greece — A typical summer in the future climate?

Summer 2007 was abnormally warm for many areas of southeastern Europe, the Balkan peninsula and parts of Asia Minor with departures from the seasonal means exceeding 4 °C in some areas but also distinct periods of extremely hot weather. Greece experienced very likely the warmest summer of its instrumental history with record breaking temperatures being observed at a number of stations. The historical air temperature record of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA), extending back to the 19th century, was used in order to highlight the rarity of the event. Seasonal (June to August) temperature anomalies at NOA exceeded 3 °C corresponding to more than 3 standard deviations with respect to the 1961–1990 reference period. The record value of 44.8 °C was observed at NOA on 26 June 2007 (previous record 43 °C in June 1916) during the first and most intense heat wave that affected the area. The study places summer 2007 in the climatology of the previous century and also examines whether the statistics of summer 2007 have similarities with Mediterranean summers of the future. An ensemble of regional climate model simulations undertaken for the European domain indicate that summer 2007 reflects the daily maximum temperatures that are projected to occur in the latter part of the 21st century. The analysis of temperature data from other less urbanized stations indicates that the urban heat effect in Athens contributed positively to the anomalies of the nocturnal temperatures. The abnormally hot summer of 2007 is perhaps not the proof but a strong indicator of what eastern Mediterranean summers could resemble in future.     

2007年中国区域性酸雨的若干特征

 基于中国气象局1993-2007年的酸雨观测站资料, 着重分析了2007年中国区域酸雨的特征,并和近十几年来我国区域酸雨的变化特点进行对比。与过去十几年相比,2007年全国区域酸雨的特点如下：1) 我国位于长江以南的酸雨区范围基本保持不变,但南方部分站点的酸雨强度达近十几年来的最高值;2) 我国北方尤其是华北部分地区的降水酸化明显,部分省市站点的酸雨频率和强酸雨频率达近15 a来的最高值;3) 2003-2007年,全国年均酸雨日数和酸雨量与总降水量的比值逐年上升,且增幅较为明显。2007年全国平均酸雨日数为1993年有系统观测数据以来的最高值。     

2007年淮河流域雨季暴雨多尺度环流分析

使用NCEP/NCAR 1°× 1°逐日再分析资料、风云2号气象卫星亮温(TBB)资料,分析2007年淮河流域梅雨期降水的多尺度特征.结果表明,2007年梅雨期暴雨集中在淮河流域,其中从6月30日-7月8日.沿淮淮北连续9 d暴雨、大暴雨,降水集中程度和降水强度均超过2003年,导致淮河流域发生仅次于1954年大洪水.雨季期间乌拉尔山附近的阻塞高压频繁出现;西太平洋副热带高压偏强,且位置稳定;强盛的季风涌将充沛的水汽输送到淮河流域一带与中高纬度干冷空气频繁交汇.西太平洋副热带高压稳定偏强、强盛的季风涌、中高纬度冷空气和青藏高原对流扰动东传的有利配置导致2007年淮河流域集中强降水.     

2007年全球气候变化回顾

以世界气象组织发布的2007年全球气候变化报告为基础,结合全球其他气候资料,总结了2007年全球的气候变化特征：2007年北极海冰面积为有记录以来最低,导致加拿大西北航道有记录以来首次贯通;南极臭氧空洞相对较小;赤道太平洋中东部拉尼娜发展;世界许多地方发生破坏性洪水、干旱和风暴。     

2007年世界灾害地震综述

2007年世界地震活动水平与往年比较是非常之高,但是地震灾情很轻,死亡总计392人,伤15000人,经济损失大约200亿美元。日本的灾情较重。     

X‐ray emission from optical novae in M 31

The first supersoft source (SSS) identification with an optical nova in M 31 was based on ROSAT observations. Twenty additional X‐ray counterparts (mostly identified as SSS by their hardness ratios) were detected using archival ROSAT, XMM‐Newton and Chandra observations obtained before July 2002. Based on these results optical novae seem to constitute the major class of SSS in M 31. An analysis of archival Chandra HRC‐I and ACIS‐I observations obtained from July 2004 to February 2005 demonstrated that M 31 nova SSS states lasted from months to about 10 years. Several novae showed short X‐ray outbursts starting within 50 d after the optical outburst and lasting only two to three months. The fraction of novae detected in soft X‐rays within a year after the optical outburst was more than 30%. Ongoing optical nova monitoring programs, optical spectral follow‐up and an up‐to‐date nova catalogue are essential for the X‐ray work. Re‐analysis of archival nova data to improve positions and find additional nova candidates are urgently needed for secure recurrent nova identifications. Dedicated XMM‐Newton/Chandra monitoring programs for X‐ray emission from optical novae covering the centre area of M 31 continue to provide interesting new results (e.g. coherent 1105 s pulsations in the SSS counterpart of nova M31N 2007‐12b). The SSS light curves of novae allow us – together with optical information – to estimate the mass of the white dwarf, of the ejecta and the burned mass in the outburst. Observations of the central area of M 31 allow us – in contrast to observations in the Galaxy – to monitor many novae simultaneously and proved to be prone to find many interesting SSS and nova types (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Burnt area delineation from a uni-temporal perspective based on Landsat TM imagery classification using Support Vector Machines

Information on burnt area is of critical importance in many applications as for example in assessing the disturbance of natural ecosystems due to a fire or in proving important information to policy makers on the land cover changes for establishing restoration policies of fire-affected regions. Such information is commonly obtained through remote sensing image thematic classification and a wide range of classifiers have been suggested for this purpose. The objective of the present study has been to investigate the use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) classifier combined with multispectral Landsat TM image for obtaining burnt area mapping. As a case study a typical Mediterranean landscape in Greece was used, in which occurred one of the most devastating fires during the summer of 2007. Accuracy assessment was based on the classification overall statistical accuracy results and also on comparisons of the derived burnt area estimates versus validated estimates from the Risk-EOS Burnt Scar Mapping service. Results from the implementation of the SVM using diverse kernel functions showed an average overall classification accuracy of 95.87% and a mean kappa coefficient of 0.948, with the burnt area class always clearly separable from all the other classes used in the classification scheme. Total burnt area estimate computed from the SVM was also in close agreement with that from Risk-EOS (mean difference of less than 1%). Analysis also indicated that, at least for the studied here fire, the inclusion of the two middle infrared spectral bands TM5 and TM7 of TM sensor as well as the selection of the kernel function in SVM implementation have a negligible effect in both the overall classification performance and in the delineation of total burnt area. Overall, results exemplified the appropriateness of the spatial and spectral resolution of the Landsat TM imagery combined with the SVM in obtaining rapid and cost-effective post-fire analysis. This is of considerable scientific and practical value, given the present open access to the archived and new observations from this satellite radiometer globally.     

用VB2008和Excel2007开发软弱下卧层强度验算程序

使用Visual Basic 2008的ActiveX技术引用Excel 2007,实现了软弱下卧层强度自动验算程序,能够满足工程验算要求,应用效果良好。     

电离层的掩星分离假设反演法

该文首先简要介绍了无线电掩星探测技术及其发展现状和传统Abel变换方法面临的问题.为改进传统Abel变换反演方法,利用电子密度廓线的分离假设,引进了分离假设反演法.随后利用国际电离层参考模式IBI2007给出1000个掩星事件截面的模拟数据及COSMIC卫星星座的一天实测数据,进行比较计算,并对结果进行了分析,验证了分离假设反演法的有效性.文中还给出了垂直电子总量VTEC(Vertical Total Electron Content)先验场的获取途径.最后,对分离假设反演法的进一步研究的方向进行了探讨.