基于水温因子的太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群剩余产量模型研究

水温是影响太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群生长、繁殖、补充的重要因素之一。根据2004–2015年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群渔业数据和其栖息地环境数据,包括1月产卵场(28°～35°N,125°～130°E)和9月索饵场(31°～38°N,128°～132°E)海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST),建立了基于SST因子的太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群体的剩余产量模型,分析SST对太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源量的影响,对该模型的各项指标进行验证,发现该模型的预测精度较高。结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群当年的资源量及渔获量主要受索饵场SST影响,而产卵场SST对其当年渔获量影响不显著。由此建议在今后对产卵场SST因子是否对次年的渔获量及资源量产生影响进行研究,同时渔业管理部门也应根据每年海洋环境状况确定其最大可持续产量,并实时调整管理方案。     

Contribution of the sea surface temperature over the Mediterranean-Black Sea to the decadal shift of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation

Recent observational study has shown that the southern center of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) was located farther eastward after the late 1970s compared to before. In this study, the cause for this phenomenon is explored. The result shows that the eastward shift of the SNAO southern center after the late 1970s is related to the variability of the Mediterranean-Black Sea (MBS) SST. A warm MBS SST can heat and moisten its overlying atmosphere, consequently producing a negative sea level pressure (SLP) departure over the MBS region. Because the MBS SST is negatively correlated with the SNAO, the negative SLP departure can enhance the eastern part of the negative-phase of the SNAO southern center, consequently producing an eastward SNAO southern center shift. Similarly, a cold MBS SST produces an eastward positive-phase SNAO southern center shift. The reason for why the MBS SST has an impact on the SNAO after the late 1970s but why it is not the case beforehand is also discussed. It is found that this instable relationship is likely to be attributed to the change of the variability of the MBS SST on the decadal time-scale. In 1951--1975, the variability of the MBS SST is quite weak, but in 1978--2002, it becomes more active. The active SST can enhance the interaction between the sea and its overlying atmosphere, thus strengthening the connection between the MBS SST and the SNAO after the late 1970s. The above observational analysis results are further confirmed by sensitivity experiments.     

2015年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2015年全球平均表面温度继续偏高,比1961—1990年平均值偏高0.76℃,成为有气象记录以来最暖的一年。年内,赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏暖,全球海洋平均热容量突破历史纪录。北极海冰年内最大值又创新低,南极海冰继续偏多。受下垫面因子的影响,大气环流持续性异常导致全球多地出现极端天气气候事件,如春季南亚地区暴雨成灾,夏季欧洲受到高温侵袭等。分析表明赤道中东太平洋以及赤道印度洋的海温异常偏高引起西太平洋副热带高压异常偏西、偏强,以及印度半岛局地对流活跃是导致南亚地区春季暴雨频繁的主要原因;另外,北极涛动负位相的维持导致中纬度西风减速及经向型环流的建立,是造成欧洲7月初高温热浪的直接原因。     

Fishery biology of jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas off Costa Rica Dome

The jumbo flying squid(Dosidicus gigas) population was surveyed with the help of Chinese squid jigging vessels off the Costa Rica Dome(4°–11°N, 90°–100°W) in 2009 and 2010. The daily catch of D. gigas in the two survey cruises ranged from 0 to 5.5 t and was mostly obtained from the areas bounded by 6°–9°N and 91°–94°W and by 6°30′–7°30′N and 96°–97°W. The sea surface temperature in the areas yielding the most catch ranged from 27.5 to 29℃. The sex ratio of the total catch was 3.75:1(female: male). The mantle length of the squid ranged from 211 to 355 mm(male) and from 204 to 429 mm(female) with an average of 297.9 and 306.7 mm, respectively. In the relationship of the mantle length(mm) and body weight(g) of the squid, there was no significant difference between sexes. The female and male were at a similar maturity, and most individuals are maturing or have matured with a few females being spent. The size(mantle length) and age at the first sexual maturity were 297 mm and 195 d in females, and less than 211 mm and 130 d in males, respectively. Most of the sampled stomachs(70.6%) had no food remains. The major preys of the squids were fish, cephalopods and crustaceans, with the most abundant Myctophum orientale and D. gigas. The preys in more than 65% of the non-empty sampled stomachs evidenced the cannibalism of D. gigas. The results improved current understanding of the fishery biology of D. gigas off the Costa Rica Dome, which may facilitate the assessment and management of relative fishery resources.     

山地冰川表面温度反演算法对比——以祁连山七一冰川为例

冰川表面温度决定冰川表面热力状况分布和消融状态,其对建立冰川能量—物质平衡模型和研究气候变化背景下的冰川响应具有重要意义.Landsat系列卫星提供了海量免费高空间分辨率遥感数据,广泛应用于表面温度的时空变化研究.本文使用2013年5月至2014年9月的10景Landsat 8 TIRS热红外数据,对比三种单通道温度反...     

城市土地利用类型及格局的热环境效应研究——以上海市中心城区为例

以上海市中心城区为例,首先采用SPOT影象,人工解译出城市土地利用的类型,同时利用Landsat7卫星,ETM+影象的热红外波段反演每个像元内的陆地表面温度,分析陆地表面温度在不同土地利用类型之间的差异,进一步分析不同土地空间分布格局与地面温度之间的关系。研究结果显示:上海市地表温度具有明显中心城区高、郊区低的热岛效应存在;在城市不同土地利用类型上的表面温度具有显著性差异,两两之间的比较揭示,城市地面温度在大多数土地利用类型之间的差异是显著的。城市内部不同土地类型所产生的热环境效应不同;城市土地类型在空间布局上越复杂,其产生的热岛效应越明显。     

Fluctuation in Ommastrephe bartrami yield in the North Pacific

The fluctuation in Ommastrephe bartrami yield from 1995 to 2001 in the North Pacific was shown obvious, on which this study was conducted using data of sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and statistical production. The study shows that, cool water and low food abundance caused by abnormal Kuroshio resulted in the reduction in abundance of O. bartrami, which was worsened by excessive catch and the unawareness to local fishery resources protection.     

The atmospheric wet pool： definition and comparison with the oceanic warm pool

The oceanic warm pool (OWP) defined by sea surface temperature (SST) is known as the "heat reservoir" in the ocean. The warmest portion in the ocean mirrors the fact that the wettest region with the largest accumulation of water vapor (WV) in the atmosphere, termed atmospheric wet pool (AWP), should be identified because of the well-known Clausius-Clapeyron relationship between SST and WV. In this study, we used 14-year simultaneous observations of WV and SST from January 1988 to December 2001 to define the AWP and investigate its coupling and co-variations with the OWP. The joint examination of the area variations, centroid locations, and zonal migrations of the AWP and OWP lead to a number of interesting findings. The results hopefully can contribute to our understanding of the air-sea interaction in general and characterization of El Nifio/La Nina events in particular.     

Temporal variability of temperature-nitrate relationship in a coastal region

The inverse relationship between nitrate and temperature （N-T relationship） has been used to estimate new production from remotely sensed sea surface temperature at the regional or global scale of oceans. This study aimed to develop a time-series model of the N-T relationship from automated, continuous hourly observations over two years on the coast of Halifax, Canada. The model demonstrated time-series variability of the N-T relationship at a coastal station on the Nova Scotia Shelf, with adjusted R2=0.999 4 and RMSE=0.025 7. The maximum residual value was 0.077. The annual temperature variations described a sine curve, and daily, weekly, and monthly variations fluctuated within the normal ranges, controlled by the local climate. The annual variation of nitrate concentration formed nearly a sine curve. Heavy or long- lasting rainfall increased nitrate concentration by 4 to 30-fold in 24 h, and then the increased nitrogen was quickly depleted by phytoplankton growth in 10 to 48 h. In general, biological activity was a key factor in causing nitrate concentration change, dependent mainly on seawater temperature. The power function of the N-T relationship observed in our study area could be used to quickly estimate sea surface nitrate concentration, in combination with temperature data obtained by remote sensing.