Distribution and Variation of Ribonucleic Acid （RNA） and Protein and Its Hydrolysis Products in Lake Sediments

Protein and RNA in lake sediments tend to be decomposed progressively with time and sedimentation depth. Their concentrations tend to decrease starting from the sedimentation depth of 17 cm and that of 19 cm, respectively. However, the products of their decomposition —amino acids and nucleotides show different rules of variation. At the depth from 27 cm to 30 cm the amino acids are most abundant in the pore waters of lake sediments. Such variation tendency seems to be related to the extent to which microbes utilize amino acids and nucleotides. Due to polymerization in the geological processes and the adsorption of protein on minerals and organic polymers, below the sedimentation depth of 17 cm there is still a certain amount of protein in the sediments. With the time passing by, protein has been well preserved in various sediment layers, indicating that its decomposition is relatively limited. The peak values of protein content in the sediments of the two lakes are produced in the surface layers at the depth of 10 cm, implicating that the surface sediments are favorable to the release of protein. The contents of amino acids in the pore waters of lake sediments are closely related to the activities of microbes. Below the depth of 27 cm, the amino acids are significantly accumulated in Lake Aha sediments, probably indicating the weakening of microbial activities. The research project was financially supported jointly by the Ntional Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40173038) and the Guizhou Provincial Foundation (No. 3090) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Knowledge-Innovation Foundation (KZCX2-105).     

Characteristics of Non—Point Source Pollution in the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing,China

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major nutrients to cause eutrophication to degrade water quality of the Miyun Reservoir,a very important drinking water source of Bijing,China,and they are mainly from non-point sources.The watershed in Miyun County was selected as the study region with a totoal area of 1400km^2.Four typical monitoring catchments and two experimental units were used to monitor the precipitation,runoff,sediment yield and pollutant loading related to various land uses in the meantime.The results show that the total nutrient loss amounts of TN and TP are 898.07t/a,and 40.70t/a,respectively,in which nutrients N and P carried by runoff are 91.3% and 77.3%,respectively.There is relatively heavier soil eroson in the northern mountain area whereas the main nutrient loss occurs near the northeast edge of the reservoir.Different land uses would influence the loss amounts of non-point source pollutants.The amount of nutrient loss from the agricultural land per unit is highest,that from forestry comes next that from grassland is lowest.However,due to the variability of land use areas,agricultural land contributes a lot to TP and forestry lands to TN.     

Nutrient Loss from Various Land－Use Areas in Shixia Small Watershed of Miyun County,Beijing China

In the Shixia small watershed,twenty experimental plots and two monitoring channels,the residential area and livestock areas were used to monitor the flow,runoff and erosion,Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations associated with various land uses were analyzed at the same time.The results are presented as follows:(1)TP ,TN and COD concentrations of runoff samples in the residential area and livestock arease are nearly 10 times those in other land-use areas.High nutrient loads are associated with village land use,which is due to unsuitable livestock rising.These areas should be treated as the critical areas of non-point source pollution.(2)Different land use influences intensity the loss nutrients,especially slope tillings in agricultural land.The amount of nutrient loss from agricultural land per unit is highest,that from forestry is intermediated and that frompastures is lowest,However,in consideration of the variability of land-use areas,agricultural land contributes the greatest to TP and forestry land to TN.(3)The concentrations of TN and TP in sediments from gangues are highest ,those in forestry land are intermediate,and those in agricultural land are lowest.Nutrient loss from hilly areas in much greater than from mountainous areas.     

一次地形作用产生的强降雨过程分析

2002年6月24日夜间北京西南部地区的局地大暴雨是一次强地形雨，它是在对流层中低层有两层逆温以及边界层内中尺度低空急流与北京特定地形条件相互作用的情况下产生的。边界层内中尺度低空急流的发生、发展是低层偏东风与干、湿过程的“内边界效应”及强降水潜热释放等综合作用的结果。     

密云水库沉积物-水界面磷的地球化学作用

以密云水库为例，研究了水库沉积物中有机质的含量与有机磷的关系，表明表层沉积物中的总有机碳和有机磷的含量都明显高于底层，是由于一些以磷为营养素的富营养化指示藻类在水体中逐年增加，它们死亡后的残骸经分解-矿化后在底积物中累积的结果。沉积物和孔隙水中磷的剖面特征研究表明，表层沉积物和孔隙水中的磷都有明显上升的趋势，是由于沉积物的表层微生物和活性有机碎屑层比较丰富，有机质降解和含磷的有机化合物分解，使溶解性磷酸盐进入孔隙水。对沉积物磷形态、总有机碳及孔隙水中总磷对磷释放的影响进行了线性相关分析，结果表明上覆水中的磷主要来自沉积物的铁结合态磷、铝结合态磷、溶解态磷三种形态，孔隙水中总磷以及总有机碳含量对上覆水中总溶解磷浓度存在较大的影响，这些为研究水库沉积物作为水库内污染源对水质的影响提供了基础资料。     

中强震前地震活动矩释放加速现象(AMR)的普遍性问题

地震前的矩释放加速现象(AMR)作为一种预测中强震发生的方法，近年来得到普遍关注，所以有必要对这一现象的普遍性进行讨论。我们考虑1978年以来中国大陆Ms5．7以上地震的情况，用贝尼奥夫应变作为地震矩释放的量度。采用规则的空间区域和统一的时间尺度，通过直接判断和对曲线进行非线性拟合，最终确定矩释放的加速或减速特征。所考虑的1978年以来Ms5．7以上主震事件共109例，其中具有加速特征的55例，具有减速特征的23例，因数据不足而无法判断加减速特征的9例，加减速特征不稳定的22例。     

用地震能量加速释放模型研究台湾中部的地震活动性

采用由地震能量加速释放模型发展的“破裂时间”方法深入研究了台湾中部40次M≥4．5级地震的活动特点。首先识别主震及其前震，然后按要求选用观测资料。把“破裂时间”非线性方程分成两个线性方程，再使用线性最小二乘法估计参数。用部分估计参数建立模型，并用其来预测破裂的时间和主震的震级。比较预测结果和研究的40次地震，最大时间偏差仅0．98年，震级偏差1．2级。由此表明，作为地震活动研究的一种有效方法，地震能量加速释放模型可应用于台湾中部。     

云南强震能量释放的时空特征研究

介绍了利用矩能比估算地震波辐射能的方法，并在此基础上研究了云南地区1900—2004年M≥5．0强震的地震波辐射能量释放的时空分布，认为：①统计期问的能量释放在时间和空间分布上具有明显的非均匀性，前65a的能量释放为22％，后40a为78％，且约87％的能量释放集中在云南7个主要地震带，其余地区仅占13％左右；②云南地区强震活跃期和平静期累计释放能量的统计结果显示，5个平静期期间的累计释放能量折合震级均在6．8—7．2级之间。云南进入第5个平静期已接近10a，期间累计释放能量折合成震级约为6．8级，与前4个平静期的时间间隔和能量释放相当，表明云南地区进入新一轮强震活跃期的危险性正在逐渐增大，云南东部地区可能是强震发生的危险区。     

官厅水库沉积物中解磷细菌垂直分布特征

通过对官厅水库沉积物中磷含量及在不同温度和pH条件下解磷细菌的垂直分布特征进行研究,发现沉积物中磷含量以中间层最高,表层次之,底层最低;沉积物中存在着丰富的解磷细菌,其中35cm层中最多,5cm层中次之,69cm层中最少,不同层次其数量与磷含量呈正相关关系.采用钼蓝比色法与超声波破碎法相结合研究解磷细菌的解磷能力,发现部分解磷细菌还能在体内过量贮存磷,而且温度较低时聚磷能力比较强,温度较高时则解磷能力强,这可能是因为环境变化引起细菌解磷和聚磷的交替作用使水体中的磷含量有所变化,进而影响水质的变化.采用16SrDNA扩增、测序的方法鉴定了13株解磷能力较强的菌株,发现属于芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、微杆菌属等,聚类分析表明在相同条件下分离到的菌株在系统发育上关系更密切.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及藻类可利用量

调研了长江中下游地区25个浅水湖泊的35个样点表层沉积物中磷的地球化学形态特征,以及太湖沉积物中藻类可利用磷(AAP)的空间分布,垂向分布特征及其蓄积量,探讨了浅水湖泊表层沉积物中磷的赋存量,地球化学形态及其与水草,湖水磷浓度,叶绿素(Chl-a)浓度之间的关系.结果表明,长江中下游地区浅水湖泊的表层沉积物中可交换态磷(Ex-P)含量与水体总磷(TP),溶解性总磷(DTP)及溶解性反应活性磷(SRP)浓度关系密切,有水草湖区的沉积物中生物易利用磷(Bio-P)含量显著低于无水草湖区及藻型湖区.太湖梅梁湾沉积物泥芯中,表层3 cm沉积物中Ex-P含量显著增高,而夏季还原条件下容易转变为溶解态磷的铁磷(Fe-P)含量峰值则出现在4～10cm深度.太湖表层沉积物的Bio-P含量与夏季叶绿素浓度密切相关,说明表层沉积物的Bio-P及AAP可以作为沉积物内源释放风险的指示参数.太湖表层1 cm底泥中所含有的AAP量估计多达268.6吨,风浪扰动能将大量的AAP带入水体,对太湖蓝藻水华暴发起着不可忽视的作用.