石油碳氢化合物污染含水层的快速氧化还原进程

搜集的六年地下水化学数据显示，经过一段时间后。被石油类碳氢化合物污染的浅含水层的污染物的分布和氧化还原进程已发生了快速的变化。在1990年发生石油泄漏后不久，大量的苯存在于污染源地区，在受污染的地区，地下水中的溶解氧被消耗掉。截止到1994年，Fe(Ⅲ)和硫酸盐的减少是显著的晚期电子接收过程。非常有意义的是，1994年的溶解甲烷在测量下限以下。这暗示了缺乏有意义的甲烷群。然而，到1996年，含水层沉积物中固相Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物的消耗和地下水中溶解硫酸盐的消耗导致了甲醇类的大量繁殖。在1996年—2000年期间，水化学数据显示甲醇类的新陈代谢更加普遍了，对沉积物的萃取物16s-rDNA进行分子分析，显示了更加多元化的甲醇类的存在，相对于污染羽中心的外面，它和水化学数据反映的变化是一致的。该快速氧化还原过程反映了几种因素，包括大量污染物，相对快速的地下水流动(0．3m／day)(1foot／day)和原始存在于含水层沉积物中的可由细菌引起减少的低浓度Fe(Ⅲ)氢氧化物(1umol／g)。这些结果表明，在一定水文条件下受石油碳氢化合物污染含水层中的氧化还原条件。在时间和空间上能快速发生变化，并且有效的固相Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物影响了变化的速度。     

Degradation Kinetics of Petroleum Contaminants in Soft-Water Systems

On the basis of site investigation and sample collection of petroleum contaminants in the soil-water-crop system in the Shenyang-Fushun sewage irrigation area, the physical-chemical-biological compositions of the unsaturated zone is analyzed systematically in this paper. At the same time, the degradation kinetics of residual and aqueous oils is determined through biodegradation tests. The studies show that dominant microorganisms have been formed in the soils after long-term sewage irrigation. The microorganisms mainly include bacteria, and a few of fungus and actinomycetes.After a 110-days‘ biodegradation test, the degradation rate of residual oil is 9.74%--10.63%, while the degradation rate of aqueous oil reaches 62.43 %. This indicates that the degradation rate of low-carbon aqueous oil is higher than that of highcarbon residual oil. In addition, although microbial degradation of petroleum contaminants in soils is suitable to the firstorder kinetics equation, the half-lives of aqueous oil, No. 20 heavy diesel and residual oil in the surface soils (L2-1, S1-1 and X1-1) are 1732 h, 3465 h and 17325 h, respectively.     

Geochemical－Sequence Stratigraphy and Its Application Prospects in Lake Basins

As a useful approach for hydrocarbon exploration,the sequence stratigraphy has been commonly accepted.The concepts of sequence and parasequence provide a state-of -the-artframe-work for studying the distribution and characters of depositional system,and analyzing the occurrence,distribution,characteristics of source,reservoir and seal-play elements.The newly-developed geochemical -sequence stratigraphy focuses mainly on the occurrence,distribution and characters of source rocks and reservoir hydrocarbons within a chronostratigraphic framework,Integrated with sequence wtratigraphy,geochemistry can be used to study the surce rock potential within a sequence wtratigraphic framework and to describe the characteristics of hydrocarbons accumulated in reservoirs,which were predicted by way of sequence stratigraphy.The concept of geochemical-sequence wtratigraphy was proposed by Peters et al.(2000).Constructing a reliable sequence stratigraphic framework is the basis of geochemical-sequence wtratigraphic study although it is not the main goal.High-resolution biomarker analysis is critrical to the construction of a geochemical-sequence stratigraphic model.The geochemical-stratigraphic study involves mainly:(1) the distribution and geochemical characteristics of source rocks with relative sea (lake)-level change;(3) to prodict if these reservoirs bear hydrocarbons and their geochemical features;(4) to be used to construct the time-stratigraphic framework.This paper also summarizes the lake basin types,and introduces their facies associatons,source potential and organic geochemical features.At the end,the authors offer some suggestions about how to carry out geochemical-sequence stratigraphic study in ladcustrine strata.     

Composition and Origin of Shallow Biogenetic Gases in the Baise Basin, South China

Based on the analytical data of over 30 gas samples, combined with geochemical and geological backgrounds, the composition and distribution characteristics of shallow biogenetic gases in the Baise Basin, a Tertiary residual basin in southern China, were extensively investigated, and the origin and formation mechanism tentatively approached. The shallow gases are primarily composed of gaseous hydrocarbons, generally accounting for over 90%. The abundances of methane and C2＋ homologues show a relatively wide range of variation, mainly 50%-100% and 0%-50%, respectively, depending on the mixing proportions between biogenetic and thermogenic gases. A highly negative carbon isotope is the significant signature for the shallow gases with δ^13C1 values of -55‰ to -75‰. According to molecular and isotopic compositions and light hydrocarbon parameters, the shallow gases in the basin can be classified into three types of origins： biogenetic gas, biogenetic/thermogenic mixed gas, and oii-biodegraded gas. They exhibit regular distribution both spatially and temporally, and are believed to be associated with the maturity of adjoining gas source rocks and biodegraded oil accumulation. The Baigang and Nadu source rocks can be considered to have experienced early and late gas generation during early burial and after basin uplift respectively. A late accumulation mechanism of multiple gas sources is put forward for the formation of the shallow gas reservoirs, which is responsible for the variations in chemical and isotopic composition of the gases in depth profile.     

Decomposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon （PAHs） on Mineral Surface under Controlled Relative Humidity

The fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons （PAHs） residing in the atmosphere has received enormous attention in recent years due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic risks on human health. In this context, the stability of pyrene （as a representative PAHs） on quartz, alumina, montmorillonite, kaolinite, humic acid and quartz coated with sorbed humic acid was investigated at controlled relative humidity （RH： i.e. 5% and 30%） without light irradiation in order to detect the presence of catalytic effect of mineral surface on PAHs decomposition. The stability of pyrene was found to depend strongly on the physicochemical properties of the substrates. Quartz showed a strong catalytic effect for the decomposition of pyrene even though it was coated with sorbed humic acid. Pyrene sorbed on montmorillonite and humic acid remained stable during the experimental period （i.e. 3 days）. Moisture in the experimental cell also affected the stability of pyrene in particular minerals. Especially, pyrene sorbed on alumina was rapidly decomposed at higher RH. However, there were almost no effect in the case of quartz, kaolinite and humic acid. Depending on the physicochemical properties of aerosols and RH, PAHs associated with minerals in the atmosphere would be decomposed and/or stably reside in the atmosphere.     

Evolution characteristics of saturated hydrocarbons of enclosed organic matter in carbonate minerals in Tieling limestone under high temperature and high pressure

The enclosed organic matter chiefly releases lower carbon-number n-alkanes under high temperature and high pressure,while the kerogen mainly produces higher carbon-number n-alkanes.The rsidual hydrocarbons generated by both kerogen and enclosed organic matter in the Tieling limestone contain abundant tricyclic terpanes,pentacyclic triterpanes and steranes,but the contents of tetracyclic terpanes and 25-norhopane are lower.The residual enclosed orgainc matter shows the same distribution characteristics of n-alkanes,steranes and terpanes as that of the original bitumaen A,i.e.,the higher contents of triterpanes and tetracyclic terpanes,the higher ratios of 25-norhopanes over regular hopanes and markedly degraded steranes.By comparing the residual hydrocarbon.residual enclosed orgainc matter and original enclosed orgainc matter.it can be concluded that steranes and terpanes in the residual hydrocarbons are produced mainly by the kerogen and subordinately by the residual enclosed organic matter,the steranes and terpanes do not enter into the residual enclosed organic matter,and the thermal evolution of the residual enclosed organic matter maintains its unique character.Furthermore,pressure retards the pyrolysis of higher carbon-number alkanes and influences the isomerization ratios of C29-steranes,making 20S/(20S 20R) lower under the higher pressure than that under lower pressure,Higher pressure retards the thermal evolution of organic matter.     

Late-stage Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Bozhong Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin as Controlled by Neotectonism

Neotectonism occurred intensively in the Bozhong depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, which was reflected vertically by dramatic subsidence and a number of uplifts and laterally by notable fault movements. This particularity has resulted in the special petroleum geological conditions of the Bozhong depression which are different from those of adjacent lands. For example, the source rocks of the Shahejie Formation were overpressured and hydrocarbon generation occurred in the late stage; the Dongying Formation was deeply buried below the hydrocarbon-generating     

亚热带森林非甲烷碳氢化合物的研究Ⅱ.日变化

对我国亚热带森林地区的非甲烷碳氢化合物（NMHC）、一氧化碳、氮氧化物等进行了两个月的连续采样,并利用气相色谱仪对NMHC进行了分析,得到大量NMHC的实测资料,并对它们的日变化规律和相互之间的关系做了详细研究。分析表明,温度对各种树木异戊二烯的排放来说是一个重要因子,而且各种植物排放的异戊二烯对温度的依赖关系基本上比较一致。对于我国亚热带森林主要树种异戊二烯的排放速率进行了初步测定。     

森林排放非甲烷碳氢化合物的初步研究

1995年6月至1996年4月,在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区每两周采样一次,利用0.8 L不锈钢采样钢瓶采样和气相色谱法分析、研究森林排放的非甲烷碳氢化合物的浓度。结果表明,森林排放的异戊二烯有明显的季节变化,其浓度与温度有明显的正相关关系。