南海神狐海域沉积物自生黄铁矿和石膏S同位素特征及对甲烷渗漏强度的示踪

The northern slope of the South China Sea is a gas-hydrate-bearing region related to a high deposition rate of organic-rich sediments co-occurring with intense methanogenesis in subseafloor environments.Anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) coupled with bacterial sulfate reduction results in the precipitation of solid phase minerals in seepage sediment,including pyrite and gypsum.Abundant aggregates of pyrites and gypsums are observed between the depth of 667 and 850 cm below the seafloor(cmbsf) in the entire core sediment of HS328 from the northern South China Sea.Most pyrites are tubes consisting of framboidal cores and outer crusts.Gypsum aggregates occur as rosettes and spheroids consisting of plates.Some of them grow over pyrite,indicating that gypsum precipitation postdates pyrite formation.The sulfur isotopic values(δ~(34) S) of pyrite vary greatly(from –46.6‰ to –12.3‰ V-CDT) and increase with depth.Thus,the pyrite in the shallow sediments resulted from organoclastic sulfate reduction(OSR) and is influenced by AOM with depth.The relative high abundance and δ~(34) S values of pyrite in sediments at depths from 580 to 810 cmbsf indicate that this interval is the location of a paleo-sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ).The sulfur isotopic composition of gypsum(from–25‰ to –20.7‰) is much lower than that of the seawater sulfate,indicating the existence of a 34 S-depletion source of sulfur species that most likely are products of the oxidation of pyrites formed in OSR.Pyrite oxidation is controlled by ambient electron acceptors such as MnO_2,iron(Ⅲ) and oxygen driven by the SMTZ location shift to great depths.The δ~(34) S values of gypsum at greater depth are lower than those of the associated pyrite,revealing downward diffusion of 34 S-depleted sulfate from the mixture of oxidation of pyrite derived by OSR and the seawater sulfate.These sulfates also lead to an increase of calcium ions from the dissolution of calcium carbonate mineral,which will be favor to the formation of gypsum.Overall,the mineralogy and sulfur isotopic composition of the pyrite and gypsum suggest variable redox conditions caused by reduced seepage intensities,and the pyrite and gypsum can be a recorder of the intensity evolution of methane seepage.     

对松辽盆地钱家店凹陷铀成矿作用的重新认认识

钱家店凹陷中的含矿层位主要为上白垩统姚家组,前人认为其中的红色砂岩为原生成因,但大量的证据证实砂岩原生应以灰色为主,红色砂岩为后生氧化蚀变造成,并控制着钱家店铀矿床铀矿化的产出.在此基础上建立该矿床的后生蚀变分带,依次为红色蚀变带、黄色蚀变带、灰白色蚀变带、过渡带、原生带,红色蚀变带为主要的氧化带,铀矿化主要集中在过渡带.平面上铀矿化主要分布于层间氧化带前锋线附近的位置,并在氧化舌状体的前端和两个氧化舌状体之间存在铀的富集.文章最后还建立了该矿床的成矿模式,并对区域上层间氧化带的展布进行了讨论.     

人工湿地中典型基质和关键微生物的脱氮作用研究进展

人工湿地具有高效、低能耗、低投入、绿色和环境友好等优点,其被广泛应用在污水处理工艺中。人工湿地中的基质和微生物是人工湿地系统的重要组成部分,其在人工湿地脱氮过程中起着关键作用。从人工湿地处理污水的角度,概述了人工湿地中生物炭、纳米零价铁、生物炭负载纳米零价铁等典型基质(填料)和氨氧化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、厌氧铁氨氧化微生物在脱氮中的作用研究进展,提出了未来相关研究的方向。     

CARBON DYNAMICS OF WETLAND IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

1INTRODUCTIONWetlandsplayanimportant roleintheprocessofcar-bonstorage.Thetotalcarbonstoredindifferentkindsofwetlandsisabout15%-35%ofthetotalcarboninthegloballandsoils(POSTetal.,1982;GORHAM,1991).Inaddition,wetlandsaresignificantnaturalsources fortheatmospheric CH4 (MOORE,1994).It isestimatedthatabout110×1012gCH4 originates fromanaerobicdecompositioninthenaturalwetlands,CH4 emission fromthenaturalwetlandsis15%-30%oftheglobalCH4 emission andtheCH4 emission from thepeat land at hi…     

墨西哥湾“深水地平线”溢油事故处理研究进展

2010年4月20日美国墨西哥湾"深水地平线"石油钻井平台发生爆炸,并引发大火,致使大量的原油(~500万桶)在深海(~1 500m)泄露,这场灾难造成了巨大的环境和经济损失,也对石油开采业的发展产生了负面影响。文中综述了此次事故溢出石油的总量,泄露速率以及测量相关数据中所涉及的技术及方法,对进一步研究溢油转移的趋势和转化过程具有指导意义。喷洒了6.6×106 L的消油剂,消油剂可以促使溢油的快速分散,同时也会给海洋生态系统造成一定的影响。该事故对墨西哥湾的植被和海洋生物有不同程度的影响,如沼泽植被、海水中的浮游动/植物、鱼类、贝类、珊瑚虫、迁徙鸟类,甚至是墨西哥湾大型底栖生物。此次溢油事故涉及各种不同的环境情况,为研究石油烃降解菌在溢油转移和降解过程中种群和群落的变化提供了一个独特的机会,消油剂处理过的溢油转化机理以及微生物降解过程中生物表面活性剂的产生与生物标志物以及微生物菌落的变化之间的关系,仍需要进一步的深入研究和探讨。     

海洋褐藻胶生产废水的絮凝-氧化处理研究

使用新型高效的絮凝剂Xp，对海洋褐藻胶生产废水进行絮凝，催化氧化处理试验，确定了絮凝剂Xp的最佳使用条件，催化氧化时间和氧化剂用量，结果表明，经本工艺处理后，废水中主要污染物CODcr的去除率达到83．9％，处理后的废水基本达到国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978－1996）限定的二级标准。     

冷泉系统甲烷气体渗漏的声学特征及潜在环境效应

The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle. It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement and dissolution process in the water column and its output to the atmosphere. Methane bubbles produce strong acoustic impedance in water bodies, and bubble strings released from deep sea cold seeps are called "gas flares"which expressed as flame-like strong backscatter in the water column. We characterized the morphology and movement of methane bubbles released into the water using multibeam water column data at two cold seeps. The result shows that methane at site I reached 920 m water depth without passing through the top of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ, 850 m), while methane bubbles at site II passed through the top of the GHSZ(597 m) and entered the non-GHSZ(above 550 m). By applying two methods on the multibeam data, the bubble rising velocity in the water column at sites I and II were estimated to be 9.6 cm/s and 24 cm/s, respectively. Bubble velocity is positively associated with water depth which is inferred to be resulted from decrease of bubble size during methane ascending in the water. Combined with numerical simulation, we concluded that formation of gas hydrate shells plays an important role in helping methane bubbles entering the upper water bodies, while other factors, including water depth, bubble velocity, initial kinetic energy and bubble size, also influence the bubble residence time in the water and the possibility of methane entering the atmosphere. We estimate that methane gas flux at these two sites is 0.4×10~6–87.6×10~6 mol/a which is extremely small compared to the total amount of methane in the ocean body, however, methane leakage might exert significant impact on the ocean acidification considering the widespread distributed cold seeps. In addition, although methane entering the atmosphere is not observed, further research is still needed to understand its potential impact on increasing methane concentration in the surface seawater and gas-water interface methane exchange rate, which consequently increase the greenhouse effect.     

石煤中钒的氧化动力学初步研究

含钒石煤是我国一种新类型钒矿资源,钒的氧化是石煤提钒的基础。本文对钒的氧化动力学作了初步工作,通过试验数据处理结果表明,采用Ерофеев综合动力学公式:描述石煤中钒的氧化过程:2VO2固+1/2O2=Y2O5固简明可行,较为适宜。 钒氧化反应初期阶段以动力学方式进行:n1=1,属一级反应过程;继之,n2=0.2,反应受扩散制约。测定了由动力学过程转换为扩散过程所需的反应时间及其钒氧化率,计算了这两种过程的速率常数和表观活化能。     

俄罗斯西西伯利亚和外贝加尔区古河道型铀矿床

本文系统地介绍了俄罗斯3个具有工业意义的古河道型铀矿化发育区（外乌拉尔，西西伯利亚和外贝加尔）的地质背景，铀矿化特征和铀成矿条件，指出切割到基底的古河道型铀矿床，既可产于跨地区的造山周围，也可产于活化的年青地台和古老地盾，既可形成于干燥的气候条件，也可形成于潮湿的气候条件。古河道型铀矿化可以从含矿层的沉积开始一直延续到被泥岩层或玄武岩层完全封盖。古河道的后成氧化分带有两种形式：氧化带－铀矿化带－原生灰色岩石；氧化带－氧化铁再沉积带－漂白带－原生灰色岩石。古河道型铀矿床具宽广的元素谱，这主要是与含矿围岩富含有机质和在氧化带尖灭处存在各种地球化学障有关。     

滇中盆地南缘富锂黏土岩地球化学特征及沉积环境初探

沉积岩中的微量元素对沉积环境变化有较高的敏感度,是研究古沉积环境的有效手段。滇中盆地倒石头组是一套富锂的黏土岩地层,其古环境的研究对恢复该时期盆地沉积格局和锂元素富集具有重要意义。基于滇中盆地倒石头组两个典型钻孔样品详细的地球化学研究,探讨了倒石头组富锂黏土岩形成时的沉积环境及其对锂元素富集的影响。研究结果表明:所有样品Sr、Ga元素含量及Sr/Ba值指示研究区古水体介质为淡水陆相沉积环境;其δU值介于0.51～1.63,U/Th值介于0.11～1.49,V/(V+Ni)值介于0.48～0.86,V/Cr值介于0.45～1.24,同时在U₍(EF))-Mo₍(EF))协变模式图中,样品数据均未落在缺氧和硫化区域,表明研究区富锂黏土岩的沉积环境为氧化—弱还原环境;且样品Sr/Cu比值介于0.69～4.87,CIA值介于86.3～99.66,XRD全岩黏土矿物分析显示高岭石为主要的黏土矿物,表明富锂黏土岩在形成过程中处于温暖潮湿的沉积环境并伴随较为强烈的化学风化作用。