二连盆地稠油地球化学及其成因探讨

稠油在二连盆地内广泛分布,其成因可分为原生稠油和次生稠油两类。原生稠油来自未成熟或低成熟的白垩系烃源岩的直接排烃和原油运移过程中的分异,主要为普通稠油(粘度为100～5000mPa·s),而次生稠油则是原生稠油受生物降解、水洗和氧化等次生稠变的产物,并具有不同的稠化程度。基于大量稠油物性、饱和烃色谱和色质分析数据,探讨了不同类型稠油的特征,并根据稠化程度的差异将二连盆地稠油归纳为一个稠变序列,即低成熟—未成熟稠油(粘度100～2000 mPa·s)、轻度生物降解稠油(粘度500～5000 mPa·s)、中度生物降解稠油(粘度1000～50000 mPa·s)、重度生物降解稠油(粘度>50000 mPa·s)。随原油稠化程度的不断增加,其产物从普通稠油变化为特稠油。原油在盆地斜坡带和凹中隆起的高部位最容易发生次生稠变而形成稠油。多种稠变作用的叠加是二连地区稠油大面积分布的主要原因。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘稠油生物降解特征

本文对准噶尔盆西北缘主要稠油区内的稠油进行了饱和烃和芳烃的ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析。结果表明，生物标志物的组成具有较完整的抗降解序列；结合稠油的常规物理性质，将稠油的生物降解作用划分轻微生物降解作用、轻度生物降解作用、中度生物降解作用，重度生物降解作和特重度生物降解作用。     

Combining hydropyrolysis and compound specific stable isotope measurements to identify sources of biodegrade PAHs in soils and sediments

Compound-specific ^13C/^12C isotope ratio measurements have successfully been demonstrated as a valuable technique for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） source apportionment in a number of studies. However, under certain circumstances, where the PAils matrix has been subjected to heavy biodegradation/phytoremediation, and the isotopic signatures for PAHs are overlapping for some sources, further constraints are needed for unambiguous source apportionment. It has been shown that asphaltenes retain useful molecular and isotopic information of biogeochemical significance for oil-source rock correlation （1-3）, which can be accessed via hydropyrolysis. Given that stable isotopic ratios of PAHs are not significantly affected by biodegradation and that hydropyrolysis of asphaltenes can generate representative molecular profiles expected for non-biodegraded oils, this has enabled an analytical methodology combining hydropyrolysis and compound-specific stable isotope measurements to be developed for source apportioning hydrocarbons in biodegraded environmental samples. In this study, the PAHs released from hydropyrolysis of asphaltenes from a variety of primary sources （e.g. crude oils, low and high temperature coal tars, and river sediments） were characterized in regard to their molecular distributions and ^13C/^12C isotope ratios. Application to samples previously examined from an area close to a former carbonization plant is described where unambiguous source apportionment could not be achieved previously for the PAHs due to likely environmental alternation （3）. For both low and high temperature coal tar, the molecular profiles for bound aromatics are broadly similar to their free aromatic counterparts. The stable carbon isotope ratios for the major PAH components present in bound aromatics （-23‰） are significantly more enriched in ^13C than the free aromatics （-26‰）,     

Advances on bioremediation of off-contaminated soil in cold region

Petroleum pollution in the soil is a common problem in the world. The pollution may not only cause resource waste, but also may result in environment destruction, biology subsistence crisis and human health damage gradually. Biological techniques can be used to remove and transfer petroleum contaminants in the soil. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, which is cost-effective,safe and friendly to environment, is promising. Low temperatures and lack of available nutrients often limit the rate of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils in cold region. Some scholars carried out bioremediation technology research on oily soil in cold area. Scientists attempted many measures to increase the temperature of the field. A multidisciplinary team of engineers, microbiologists and electricians has designed and installed a thermally （TIS） enhanced biopile in oil-contaminated soil in Prudhoe Bay, AK. Covered with a black plastic sheet, the pile can also improve temperature condition. Nutrient is another important factor affecting bioremediation. Because of the different constituents in the soil, the proportion of elements is different. To optimize nutrient amendments for the remediation of a long-term hydrocarbon-contaminated site at the Old Casey Station in Antarctica, results showed that the effects of nitrogen （and phosphorus） on microbial are evident. If the method of fertilizing inorganic nutrients is improper, salinity of the soil may be increased and the osmotic potential may be impacted. J.L.Walworth et al.     

Isolation and characterization of phenanthrene-degrading strain Sphingomonas sp. GY2B

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are of great concern since most of them have been shown to be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Bioremediation, based on certain species of microorganisms, is regarded as an alternative method to detoxify or remove PAHs from the contaminated sites. Phenanthrene has been often used as a model substance for microbial metabolism of ＂bay-region＂ and ＂K-region＂ containing carcinogenic PAH. The focus of the present study is to isolate and identify microorganisms which could use phenanthrene as the sole carbon and energy source. Such microorganisms are expected to be of interest as a source organism for the bioremediation of PAHs polluted soils. The bacterial consortia were enriched from PAH contaminated soils with water-silicon oil biphasic systems. An aerobic bacterial strain efficiently utilizing phenanthrene as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from bacterial consortia GY2 and identified as Sphingomonas sp. strain GY2B. Strain GY2B was susceptible to some common used antibiotics such as cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and tetracycline and intermediate susceptible to amoxycillin. Moreover, no plasmids could be isolated from strain GY2B using the standard alkaline-SDS method. At pH 7.4 and 30℃ strain GY2B had an optimal growth condition and in this condition above 99.8% phenanthrene was degraded under initial concentration of 100 mg/L. The addition of low concentration of glucose （10-200 mg/L） in MSM containing 100 mg/L phenanthrene could enhance the growth of strain GY2B, while the high concentration of glucose （〉500 mg/L） could exert an inhibitive effect on cell growth. Besides phenanthrene, strain GY2B could also use naphthalene, phenol, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthol, salicylic acid and catechol as the sole carbon and energy source. The growth of strain GY2B on salicylic acid and catechol showed that the degradation of phenanthrene might follow salicylate pathway.     

降解多氯联苯嗜盐菌的分离和降解特性

从深海底泥中提取出生长盐度在15%~20%的十二株嗜盐菌,对其进行分离、纯化和富集,进行了形态观察和革兰氏染色,最终选取了一株生长状态良好的菌株进行降解多氯联苯的影响实验。通过改变菌株降解PCBs的条件——pH值、接种量以及多氯联苯的浓度,得到降解多氯联苯的最适条件:在30℃下此菌株降解的最适pH值为7~8,最佳接种量为5 mL,多氯联苯的浓度为3 mg/L以下时,72 h的降解率可以达到90%以上。     

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷石炭系原油形成过程及勘探意义

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷牛圈湖构造带马25井石炭系火山岩储层中发现了原油和固体沥青共存,通过储层多级分离抽提和原油地球化学分析,并对这些原油(或固体沥青)的形成过程与其勘探意义进行了研究,结果表明这些原油和沥青可能主要来自下石炭统烃源岩,具有较低姥植比和伽玛蜡烷含量、高丰度三环萜、高Ts/Tm比值和重族组分碳同位素(δ13C-28.0‰)特征;现今油藏原油富含生物降解标志物(25-降藿烷),同时却无明显其它生物降解特征(正构烷烃、甾藿烷等保存完整),反映多期充注特征,即二叠纪中晚期成藏后遭受生物降解,白垩纪后期又再次充注形成;下石炭系有效烃源岩的存在预示着本区具有深部下石炭统源岩贡献的油气藏勘探前景。     

奥连特盆地斜坡带原油地化特征、充注模式及勘探实践

奥连特盆地斜坡带原油油品分布复杂,重质原油开发难度大、不经济,中轻质原油分布规律不清,严重制约斜坡带油气勘探。本文从原油地化分析入手,通过分析原油分布特征和地化特征,明确重油成因机理,建立原油充注模式,指出中轻质油有利发育区,以有效指导油气勘探。研究结果如下:(1)斜坡带原油正构烷烃具有前峰型碳分布形式,表明原油主要为海相母源;(2)原油具有“双低+双高”族组成,表明原油为烃源岩低熟-成熟阶段产物;(3)重油主要为生物降解成因,证据1为:饱和烃总离子流图发育UCM现象,证据2为:检测发现25-降藿烷标志性化合物;(4)地化分析表明同一样品中同时存在降解原油和未降解原油特征,表明原油为两期充注成因;(5)据此建立油气两期充注模式:早期常规原油充注,中期原油普遍遭受生物降解,原油变重,晚期常规原油充注与降解原油混合控制平面原油油品分布特征,并指出斜坡带砂岩尖灭条带下倾方向是常规油有利分布区,部署探井、评价井获得了成功。     

石油系统Re-Os同位素体系封闭性研究进展

Re-Os同位素定年在石油生成及富有机质沉积岩的绝对定年方面取得了良好的应用效果,并且石油的Os同位素初始值还可以作为油源示踪的指标。分析了Re-Os同位素定年方法在富有机质体系中应用的原理,探讨了影响同位素体系封闭性的各种因素,指出熟化作用、生物降解及水洗作用、脱沥青作用不会影响Re-Os同位素体系的封闭性,而硫酸盐热化学还原作用、成矿流体作用及幔源岩浆混染会扰动Re-Os同位素体系。目前石油系统中Re-Os同位素研究存在的主要问题可归结为2个方面:1石油系统有机质中Re-Os同位素的地球化学行为;2Re-Os同位素年龄的精度及其指示意义。对于这2个方面,开展有机相及现代海藻与Re-Os同位素相关性的研究将有助于了解Re和Os在有机质中的具体富集形式;对控制Re-Os同位素分馏的因素(如沉积环境及有机质类型)的研究将会有助于鉴别哪些地层以及什么样的样品能用来进行Re-Os定年。     

基于iTOUGH2的生物降解模型全局敏感性时变分析

Monod动力学方程被广泛应用于描述地下水中有机污染物微生物降解过程。由于Monod方程参数众多,采用敏感性分析可识别参数的重要程度,有助于参数反演和理解微生物降解过程。已有敏感性分析一般仅关注敏感性的整体平均值及其随空间的变化,很少考虑敏感性随时间的变化。以一个好氧生物降解甲苯的一维砂柱试验为例,基于iTOUGH2采用Morris法和Sobol’法对降解过程参数及试验条件参数开展全局敏感性时变分析。研究结果发现,由于微生物好氧降解能力随时间先提高后减弱,导致降解过程参数的敏感性相应地随时间先增加后减少。最大基质降解速率k的Sobol’一阶敏感性指数在试验早期小于10%,中期最大为62%,晚期减至49%。参数间的相互作用效应随时间先增大后减小。k的参数间相互作用效应根据Sobol’总敏感性指数与一阶敏感性指数的差值表征,该值在试验早期和晚期近乎为0,中期达6%。通过敏感性以及参数间相互作用效应的时变分析发现,试验晚期的观测数据对模型过程参数的敏感性较大以及相互作用效应较小,因此选择试验晚期数据更有利于降解过程参数的反演识别。同时由于试验条件参数在早期敏感性较大,为避免试验条件控制不当导致的观测数据误差增大,试验早期应较中期和晚期更严格控制试验条件。