生态灾害及其对我国的影响

日趋严重的生态灾害威胁着人类社会的持续发展,这是当今世界面临的最严峻挑战,本文对生态灾害定义、类型、发生机制、危害过程进行了探讨,简要分析了我国生态灾害基本状况、产生背景、发展趋势及其对社会经济发展所产生的影响,并提出生态灾害研究及防治对策的几项建议。     

土壤侵蚀治理范式与生态学理论的耦合关系

目前土壤侵蚀已经成为全球普遍关注的环境问题, 土壤侵蚀治理范式是近年水土保持研 究中的一个热点。本文探讨了“范式”在科学研究中的变迁过程以及对土壤侵蚀防治的重要意义, 并且讨论了土壤侵蚀防治范式与生态学范式之间的耦合关系, 指出生态学思想对土壤侵蚀科学 的发展有重要的借鉴作用, 强调在进行土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须考虑生态因子。土壤侵蚀过程和 生态过程是相互渗透在一起, 它们之间所表现的是相辅相成的耦合关系, 生态学中的自然均衡思 想、系统非平衡态理论、等级缀块动态理论都深刻的影响着土壤侵蚀科学的发展并且都得到不同 程度的应用。在土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须重视生态环境平衡思想。     

PRINCIPLES OF RIVER TRAINING AND MANAGEMENT

River regulation and river training have been performed for various purposes and negative effects have been shown in numerous cases. In some cases the negative effects are so serious that humans have to consider to "renaturalize" the regulated rivers. Only by using the strategy of integrated river management the diverse river uses and natural fluvial processes and ecological systems may be harmonized. Based on analysis of case studies and data collected from literatures this paper presents the concept of integrated river management and four principles of river training. The integrated river management comprises: 1) taking the watershed, upper stream basin including the tributaries, middle and lower reaches and the estuary as an integrated entity in the planning, design and management; and 2) mitigating or controlling the negative impacts on hydrology, erosion and sedimentation, fluvial processes, land use and river use, environment and ecology while in achieving economic benefit from water resources development, flood safety management and hydropower exploitation. River training and management should be in accordance with the four principles: 1) extending the duration of river water flowing on the continent, which may be achieved by extending the river course or reducing the flow velocity; 2) controlling various patterns of erosions and reducing the sediment transportation in the rivers; 3) increasing the diversity of habitat and enhancing the connectivity between the river and riparian waters; and 4) restoring natural landscapes.     

评价《中国沼泽图》

中国科学院长春地理研究所编绘并制印 (王化群主编 )、科学出版社出版发行的《中国沼泽图》于最近问世[1] 。这是我国沼泽学基础研究的一项重大成果 ,为推动沼泽学科发展作出了积极贡献。可喜 !可贺 !2 0世纪 5 0年代以来 ,在全球资源、环境、人口诸问题向人类提出挑战面前 ,沼泽湿地无论是作为一种自然景观和土地类型 ,还是作为一种多功能的生态系统以及具有生物多样性的人类生存环境 ,越来越引起国际上学术界、社会公众和政府部门日益关注和重视。 1971年国际上签订了拉姆萨公约。我国政府于 1992年加入《湿地公约》 ,成为缔约国之一。在…     

藏北巴青中侏罗世Liostrea障积樵的发现

在藏北巴青县马如乡布曲组中发现中侏罗世Liostrea障积礁，据造礁生物不同可分为Liostrea障积礁和Cyanobacteria-Liostrea粘结－障积礁。它们多呈似层状和层状，单个礁体厚4－8m，累计总厚为20－25m。Liostrea是一种单体牡蛎状的双壳类动物，分为左右两瓣壳，左壳强烈膨凸，右壳扁平，系以左壳固着生活特化而成，在本区构成了Liostrea群落和Cyanobacteria-Liostrea群落，代表温暖、清洁的正常浅海环境。