全球闪电活动与气候变化

全球闪电活动与气候变化关系的研究正受到越来越多的重视,该文从卫星上观测到的全球闪电活动、闪电活动和全球电路对温度的响应,闪电和对流层上部水汽的联系,闪电和N0,等几方面进行了阐述,指出了闪电活动在气候变化研究中的重要性。同时,文中还对影响闪电活动和起电过程的热力动力作用以及气溶胶的作用等进行了分析。     

小流域土壤水分空间分异特征及时稳性分析

利用常规统计方法对川中丘陵区盐亭县截流小流域土壤水分空间监测资料进行了分析。结果表明,小流域土壤水分空间分异明显,且主要受地形和微地貌控制,台地水分含量明显高于坡地;土壤剖面垂直变化复杂,水分分层不明显;流域多级台地中,中、高台位土壤水含量大于低台位,中台位大于高台位;土壤水分随坡向的分异规律有:北向坡>南向坡>西向坡;同台林地水分含量大于农地;土壤水分空间分异随时间变化小,具有时稳性。研究还表明,流域内存在可反映流域表层土壤平均水分状况的均值点,可作为流域平均土壤含水量的监测点。     

铂矿标准物质的核分析方法研究

针对铂矿标样基体中高铜、高镍、高硫等特点．对常规的镍锍试金预处理中子活化分析流程作了适当改进，包括铂矿样品的灼烧、调节试金配方、改变酸溶条件和仪器测试条件。流程中铂族元素的回收率均在86％以上。用南非的铂矿标准物质SARM7和我国的铜镍硫化物铂族元素标准物质975作了对照分析,结果与标准值相符。表明改进后的流程适用于同类含铂铜镍矿样品中铂族元素的测试。     

东秦岭陡岭杂岩中存在新太古代物质组成——SHRIMP锆石U—Pb和Sm—Nd年代学证据

出露于豫、陕交界处的陡岭杂岩是秦岭造山带中一个不大的构造岩块 ,它可能是在 1.95～ 2 .10Ga期间由于构造作用将不同时代、不同源区的岩石组合叠置在一起而形成的。出露在其西部的透辉变粒岩的 TDM为 2 .6 7～ 2 .76 Ga,残余锆石 SHRIMP年龄为 2 .5～ 2 .6 Ga,表明透辉变粒岩的物质主要来自新太古代 ,基本没有或少有太古宙以后的陆壳物质混合 ,同时也说明透辉变粒岩的原岩形成时在其附近应该有新太古代岩块存在。     

成都市土壤测量Hg元素的发育特征及其来源

成都市是Hg的高背景和民异常区，深、浅层样各具不同的元素组合和发育特征。深层样Hg异常与构造、天然气、地热、矿产和基底隆起有关；浅层样则与城市居民生活，古代颜料、工业、燃煤、农业、河流的污染及上游的矿产等物质来源有关。     

长江下游湖泊水体中有色可溶性物质的生物光学模式

通过2001年7月至2002年12月对长江下游的太湖、巢湖、龙感湖水体中有色可溶性物质的光吸收及荧光特性的研究发现:在对S值进行测定时,所测得的S值为0·0046nm-1(SD=0·0015,n=284),与文献中的0·014nm-1相差较大,可能是由于高浓度的DOC受到激发后在蓝光波段释放较强荧光的缘故;荧光强度与水体中DOC含量之间的关系较难确定,DOC与350nm光吸收(a(350nm))之间呈现较强的线性关系,其相关值达到0·673(n=284);荧光强度与a(350nm)之间线性关系相对较弱,其相关值为0·497(n=214);从上面的结果可以看出,用荧光的方法直接测定DOC含量的可信度相对较低,而直接利用光吸收测定的可信度较高。     

中国探寻：地球外的未知

浩淼宇宙中，最主要的物质组成是什么？是真空？ 南极冰穹A，在这我国科考人员最先到达的冰盖最高点，将有望竖起人类的天望远镜，去探寻宇宙无尽的奥秘？[编按]     

基于多时相Landsat数据的城市扩张及其驱动力分析

 以长沙市为例，在多时相Landsat遥感数据支持下，采用监督分类、非监督分类和归一化裸露指数(NDBI)等方法提取城市用地信息。通过对比多期城市用地的熵值变化，定量分析城市扩张的时空特性； 运用叠加、缓冲区分析等方法，分析城市扩张和中心城区的关系，绘制城市扩张速度玫瑰图。研究结果表明，长沙市建成区总面积不断扩展，其中，1973~1986年扩张主要表现在东南方向，1987~1993年为西部方向，1994~2001年南和东南方向成为快速扩张方向； 对长沙城市扩张驱动力进行分析，认为人口迅速增加是城市扩张的最主要驱动力。     

Estimating contributions of sources of soil CO2 at the shallower layer in a Japanese larch forest area

Soils contain about twice the amount of carbon presented in the atmosphere, so a small change in the soil carbon will influence atmospheric chemistry and heat balance. The soil carbon ultimately exchanged with the atmospheric CO2 as soil CO2, which mainly exists at the depth of 0-20 cm. The transport of soil CO2 is affected by the sources of soil CO2. Thus, separation of the contributions of sources of soil CO2 is a fundamental need to understand and predict implications of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. It is a complicated task, so that a number of different methodological approaches such as component integration, root removal, and gap analyses have been developed. However, these methods could not avoid changing soil characteristics such as air-filled porosity, soil temperature and soil water contents. Consequently, fractional contributions of respiration of living root and decomposition of soil organic matter to the total soil CO2 cannot be estimated correctly. In this study, based on mass balance theory of both concentrations and δ^13C of soil CO2, a trenching method with a stable-isotope technique was used to determine both soil CO2 sources at the depth of 3-13 cm in a Japanese larch forest area during 30 May to 7 October 2005 and fractional contributions of these sources. Experimental results showed that the amount of atmospheric CO2 invaded the soil air was not significantly variable while its percent rate in the total soil CO2 had significantly temporal variations with the lower values between 5 August and 1 September. The litter-layer decomposition was very small. The soil CO2 derived from the respiration of living root and the decomposition of soil organic matter showed significantly temporal variations with increase from 30 May to 5 Aug. and decrease from 1 September to 7 October, 2005; and it accounted for 82%-98% of the total soil CO2 in which the respiration of living root was in the range from 32% to 62%.     

Comparison of components and distribution of heavy metals in sediments, suspended particulate matter and surface coatings in natural waters

Solid phases, such as surface coatings （SC）, suspended particulate matter （SPM） and deposited sediments （DS）, contribute to the pool of heavy metals in natural waters. Their existing and forming conditions lead to potential differences in enrichment capacity of pollutants, chemical compositions and crystals. In this study, the contents of heavy metals in SC, SPM and DS were determined by GF-AAS after digestion with a mixture of concentrated HNO3 and HClO4. The selective extraction method was employed to remove Fe, Mn oxides and organic matters and associated heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn）. X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to characterize the crystals in the samples. The results showed that no significant difference in the contents of Fe-oxides in DS, SPM and SC was found, but the contents of Mn-oxides and organic matter follow the order of SC〉SPM〉DS. The significant crystal characters were observed in DS, SPM and SC, and the kinds of minerals and crystallization degree follow the order of DS〉SC〉SPM. In addition, quartz was the most important matter of crystals in the solid phases. Enrichment capacity follows the order of SPM〉SC〉DS for Pb, Cu and Zn. Organic matter was the major sorbent for Cu, and Mn oxides and organic matter played an important role in the enrichment of Zn. However, Pb was absorbed mainly by Fe oxides. Moreover, compared with Fe oxides and organic matter, Mn oxides had a great enrichment capacity for these metals. Although DS, SPM and SC were formed in the same water system, contents of chemical components, crystals and enrichment capacities to heavy metals were obviously different.