一次过冷层状云催化云迹微物理特征的卫星遥感分析

利用卫星反演技术,通过卫星观测到的一次人工增雨催化作业后形成的云迹线个例,分析了云迹线与其周围云的光谱特征、亮温、亮温差、云顶粒子有效半径等云微物理特征,比较了它们之间的差异,揭示了这次过冷层状云催化的微物理效应。云迹实际上是持续时间超过80 min、宽和深分别约为14 km和1.5 km的云谷。云迹周围的云顶粒子有效半径为10—15μm,而云沟内的粒子在15—24μm变化。周围云体由过冷滴组成,中间可能夹杂了一些低浓度的冰粒子,云沟内云的主要成分是冰。和周围未被催化的云相比,0.6μm通道的光谱反射率,在云沟处有明显的增加,而3.7μm通道反射率在云沟内是降低的,尽管其绝对变化幅度不大,但其相对变化幅度较大。随着播云时间的增加,云沟深度、宽度逐渐增加,云沟内和周围云体的温差逐渐增加,对通道4和5而言,在最早催化部位,最大分别达到4.2℃和3.9℃,4和5通道之间云沟内的亮温差也是随冰晶化时间的增加而增加,最大为1.4℃,而云沟周围云为0.2—0.4℃。云沟的形成、云沟内云顶温度的增加和4,5通道之间亮温差的增加,都足以说明被播云体变薄,其原因是由于云顶降水使得云内的水流失,云顶下降。云顶冰晶化、冰粒子增长成降水造成云顶下沉,是云沟形成的主要原因。对于本次播云作业,晶化作用在播云22 min后逐渐显现。在播云后38—63 min,有新的水云在云沟的中间部位生成,可能是由于冻结潜热释放引起的上升运动所致。而新生水云在形成较早的云迹中没有出现,这些较早形成的云迹在80多分钟的整个观测期间持续扩散。最终,在周围云从外向云沟内的扩散过程中,云沟开始消散。     

中国人工增雨研究进展

随着全球气候变暖的加剧,水资源短缺问题表现得越来越突出,如何有效地开发利用空中水资源已成为人们关注的热点问题之一。本文回顾了人工增雨的发展历史,概述了当今国内外人工增雨的发展状况,归纳了各地区云状、积云特征、液态含水量、冰晶浓度等云物理特征,并在此基础上对我国各地区尤其是西北地区的增雨潜力进行了分析,最后归纳总结了人工增雨的常用手段、经验和检验人工增雨效果的方法。     

地球物理灾害链有关物理问题的讨论

对地球物理灾害链的致灾机理,地震引起的放气范围、放气时间过程的计算方法,以及地气耦合致灾模式,进行了讨论和分析。分析结果认为,巨灾大都是多种因素迭加和强化的结果。由于单学科往往提出的致灾因素有限,所以预测效果不甚理想。要多学科从多种因素上去研究,才能改进大灾预测手段和方法,最后达到灾害链全链预测的目的。     

《地球物理学报》2005年编委会会议纪要

2005年8月27日，第21届中国地球物理年会在北国春城长春市吉林大学隆重召开．27日晚，《地球物理学报》编委会在东荣大厦第一会议室举行．《地球物理学报》编辑委员会编委及工作人员共23人参加会议．     

A tectonic stress map of China and adjacent regions from earthquakes occurred during 2000～2004

Earthquake focal mechanism solutions provide the basic information about the present-day regional tectonics stress distribution, which controls the activities of crustal faults. Therefore, continued efforts for updating the da-tabase of earthquake focal mechanism solutions are quite valuable and important. The international lithosphere program initiated the ″world stress map project″ (Zoback, 1992) since 1980′s. During this project, worldwide studies and measurements of present-day regional…     

Joint processing and analysis of seismic gravity measurements in Capital Circle area

In Capital Circle area, there are three groups of repeated gravity measurements observed by different institutes using different instruments or methods. The simultaneous adjustment of absolute and relative measurements and the elimination of systematic error among the relative measurements have been carded out in this paper. Thus an unified temporal gravity change system with absolute reference has been established. On the basis of this, the crustal subsidence effect on gravity, which belongs to non-tectonic factor, is analyzed and the station displacement corrections are carried out, so that the long-wave disturbance is eliminated. So far our following aims are realized： the advantages of the absolute and relative measurement methods are complementary to each other; the contradiction and environment disturbance are eliminated; the amounts of information are enlarged; the sampling interval of time domain is compressed. In a word, the ability of identifying the tectonic activity process is enhanced. The results show that： there are systematic errors between the two groups of relative measurements and within the data of 10 campaigns ; the uneven local crustal subsidence in the southeast of the study area results in a linear rise of gravity value at 10 stations; they can be corrected by the regression analysis. The maps of revised temporal gravity change can obviously and integrally reflect the Ms=5.0 earthquake in Guye on October 6, 1995.     

The formation evaluation tool and its application in offshore China

The Formation Evaluation Tool （FET） introduced in the paper represents a new generation of formation evaluation systems developed and manufactured by China Oilfield Services Limited （COSL）, CNOOC, using a FET technology transfer from Crocker Research, Australia. The system has been applied successfully in the Bohai Sea and South China Sea. For instance, a multilayered oil and water system has been confirmed with the aid of accurate formation pressure tests, even in very thin beds and edge water reservoirs, overcoming the difficulty of determining this kind of oil-water and gas-water contacts. Moreover, the FET pumping and real-time fluid monitoring function allows acquiring a true sample of formation fluid unpolluted by drilling mud which plays an important role in determining the fluid properties of the target stratum and analyzing the fluid component. The principles and purpose of the Formation Evaluation Tool （FET） will be briefly introduced and successful examples of the application of the technology will be described in detail in this paper.     

本刊编委吕达仁、杨文采、金振民先生2005年当选中国科学院院士

吕达仁 《地球物理学报导》编委，大气物理学家，中国科学陆军大气物理研究所研究员，1940年生于上海，1962年毕业于北京大学，1966年中国科学院大气物理研究所研究生毕业，中国科学院大气物理研究所学术委员会副主任，     

浙江省工程地震研究所

浙江省工程地震研究所是浙江省地震局直属事业法人单位，于1994年成立，前身为1988年成立的浙江省地震局工程地震研究室。负责并承担浙江省及邻近地区的地震宏观调查与震害评估工作，具有建设工程场地地震安全性评价甲级资质，其它业务范围涉及基桩检测、振动测试、工程地球物理勘探、建（构）筑物抗震性能鉴定等。     

青海湖湖底构造及沉积物分布的地球物理勘探研究

青海湖高密度地球物理勘探揭示了湖底沉积物的埋藏深度及其分布特征. 结果表明, 青海湖湖底沉积物存在三个重要界面: T₁是全湖均一的界面, 其上超覆沉积物全湖均有分布, 且大致等厚; T₅是一个新构造沉积旋回开始的界面, 其上沉积物的沉积环境相对稳定; T_g是青海湖湖盆的基底面. 湖盆内自北向南分布的五条断裂带控制了青海湖盆地的构造格架, 形成以海心山为主体的中央隆起带和南北两个拗陷盆地. 湖底沉积物的厚度各处有较大差异, 其中最厚沉积分布于南北两个拗陷盆地内, 就本次电火花系统所能达到的深度, 北部拗陷内沉积物厚度超过560 m, 南部拗陷内沉积物厚度超过700 m. 根据地震层序地层与湖岸钻孔揭示的岩性地层对比, 青海湖沉积物的岩性主要为泥质粉沙、黏土质粉沙、粉沙质黏土和含砾粉沙质黏土等.