GEOCHRONOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS FOR INTERPRETING THE PALEOCLIMATIC HISTORY OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

在当前全球变化背景下,青藏高原冰川急剧退缩严重影响着东亚地区水资源.为了有效地规划水资源,需要对高原气候变化及其机制有深入的理解.尽管在青藏高原及周边地区有大量的古气候记录,但是目前对高原气候的时空变化及其机制仍缺乏深入一致的认识.青藏高原冰川、树轮和石笋记录可以提供过去气候变化的框架,但是这些记录的分布局限于一些特定的地理区域.青藏高原上广泛分布的湖泊沉积物是研究高原气候的时空变化及其机制的优良介质.湖泊沉积物岩芯的年龄控制主要依赖于放射性碳同位素定年,但大多数高原湖泊具有碳库效应,为建立沉积岩芯年代控制需要进行碳库年龄校正所带来的年龄误差目前未有深入研究,这在某种程度上制约了利用湖泊沉积物记录研究高原气候时空变化及其机制.本文比较了目前确定高原湖泊碳库年龄的方法并提出建议采用的方法,汇总目前己发表的高原湖泊碳库年龄,讨论湖泊现代碳库年龄的空间分布及其影响因素,讨论湖泊碳库过去变化及其可能造成的岩芯年代控制误差;以青海湖和班公错两个高原湖泊已发表的记录为例讨论过去碳库年龄变化可能造成对记录完全不同的解释;还讨论了由碳库效应校正而带来的湖泊沉积物岩芯年龄控制误差对青藏高原湖泊记录的末次盛冰期终止年代的空间分布及其对变化机制解释的影响.如果考虑碳库效应的过去变化,目前所观测到的高原气候时空变化及其机制需要重新解释.因此,为了更好地理解青藏高原气候时空变化及其机制,我们需要更多有良好定年、高分辨率和定量化的湖泊记录,本文也建议在解释目前湖泊记录时需要应对年龄控制极大重视.     

风光旖旎的莲花湖地质公园

莲花湖地质公园以峰水为主体，构成公园地貌的骨架，园区内莲花湖主要沿牡丹江河谷分布，是东北最大的人工湖泊，是典型的水体景观。园区内古老的花岗岩形成的地貌景观最为完整典型，具有极高的观赏价值和地质地貌的科研价值，是典型的科研教学基地。     

欧亚大陆中北部末次盛冰期以来的湖泊水位变化及其古气候指示意义

湖泊水位高低通常能有效地指示湖盆内湿润条件的变化,进而反映区域有效降水（降水—蒸发）变化,成为重建第四纪古气候演变的重要指标之一。通过对苏联和蒙古国古湖泊数据库以及中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库中149个湖泊水位变化资料的梳理总结,探讨了末次盛冰期（18 cal. ka BP）以来该地区干湿变化规律及区域分异。根据研究区气候特征、地理位置及已有研究成果将其分为东欧湖泊区、中东亚干旱区和中国北方季风区三大湖区。根据不同水位记录在整个湖泊历史中出现的频率,采用3级重新分类区分出高、中、低3级水量,并把每个湖泊数字化的3级古水量表示成与现代的差值,得到每个湖泊样点每千年时间间隔内相对现代的5级水量变化（很湿润、湿润、无变化、干旱和很干旱）。结果表明,三大湖区末次盛冰期以来可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：东欧地区湖泊水量记录在晚冰期之前较少,至全新世逐渐增多,且基本表现为早全新世干旱、中晚全新世相对湿润的状况。中东亚干旱区整体呈现出末次盛冰期至中全新世均较湿润而晚全新世干旱的气候状况,但区域内部不同湖泊在起讫时间和强度上存在显著差异。中国北方季风区的湿润期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同湖泊有所不同。对比分析显示,早全新世时东欧地区东部气候随着斯堪的那维亚冰流的逐渐消退而逐渐变湿润,中全新世由于夏季北欧反气旋东翼的气旋气流增强而达到最湿润状态,西部地区早全新世由于强劲的西伯利亚热高压存在而整体偏干旱,中全新世由于夏季亚洲季风的渗透而转为湿润。中东亚干旱区冰期内的湿润条件可能主要与西风带降水及低温低蒸发有关,而全新世则可能主要与夏季风深入内陆导致降水增加有关。中国北方季风区全新世湿度变化可能主要受东亚季风控制。     

Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China

Water samples were collected in 120 stations in the Bohai Sea of China to analyze the distribution of dissolved nutrients and assess the degree of eutrophication in August 2002. The result shows that the average concentration of DIN increased and the PO4-P concentration sharply decreased compared to the previous data of corresponding period. The high concentrations of DIN and PO4-P occurred in coastal waters, especially in the bays and some river estuaries, while the high concentrations of SiO3-Si in the surface and middle depth occurred in the central area of the Bohai Sea. The average ratio of DIN/ PO4-P was much higher than the Redfield Ratio (16:1). Apparently, PO4-P was one of the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growing in the sea. The average concentrations of DON and DOP were higher than their inorganic forms. The results of eutrophication assessment show that 22.1% of all stations were classified as violating the concentration levels of the National Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997) for DIN and only 3.9% for PO4-P. The average eutrophication index in the overall area was 0.21±0.22 and the high values occurred in Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and near the Yellow River estuary. This means that the state of eutrophication was generally mesotrophic in the Bohai Sea, but relatively worse in the bays, especially some river estuaries.     

湖泊最低生态水位计算方法研究

对湖泊最低生态水位计算的年保证率法、湖泊形态分析法、天然水位资料法、功能法、曲线相关法和最低年平均水位法6种计算方法进行了论述,并选用其中的3种方法应用于博斯腾湖,计算结果表明,不同计算方法得到的结果并不相同,据此对不同计算方法的适用范围和优缺点进行了比较分析。     

北京地区秦汉郡县的命名

行政区域的划分是国家意志的体现,班固《汉书·地理志》为追寻秦汉政区的设置提供了基本的依据,今北京地区在当时的政区名称由此露出端倪。班固注明有不少郡置于秦代,但并未明确记载下领各县是否也出于秦代亦或西汉所置。秦朝创立的政治制度对中国历史产生了久远的影响,但它历时非常短暂。考虑到这个因素,我们在讨论郡县命名问题时,大致可以笼统地把秦与西汉作为一个时间段对待。秦汉沿用了战国时期燕国已有的     

特定地质水文下涌水对深大基坑稳定性的影响研究

深大涌水基坑具有特定的地质、水文和工程支护特征。以位于临湖泊滩涂场地深大涌水基坑工程为例,借助工程有限元模拟系统,对该深大基坑开挖过程中涌水对工程结构稳定性和安全性的影响问题进行研究,探讨涌水对大深基坑的工程结构稳定性影响状态,分析相应施工止控水措施。研究结果认为：深大基坑外土体形变不可避免地和水位有关,伴随水位减少,土体的降沉加速;涌水对围檩与立柱均有影响,涌水对现浇桩也有影响,但影响有限。为解决涌水破坏,可增加排水措施,适时选择双液注灌浆、沙袋背压等措施,能有效阻止渗水,避免损害继续扩大。研究结果可对同类基坑工程安全设计、施工提供技术参考价值。     

Growth and feed efficiency of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed formulated diets containing different levels of poultry by-product meal

This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a protein source in the culture ofLitopenaeus vannamei. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to near to commercial diet with about 40% protein and 7.5% lipid. Fish meal was replaced by 0, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 100% of PBM (diets 1-7). The diet with 100% fish meal was used as a control (diet 1). Post-larvae were reared in an indoor semi-closed re-circulating system. Each dietary treatment was tested in 4 replicate tanks (260 L) of 40 shrimp, arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimps were hand-fed for three times a day to near-satiation (0700, 1200 and 1800) for 60d. Percentage weight gain, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body composition of shrimps were measured. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimps fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). However, shrimps fed diet 7 (100% fish meal replacement) had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). Shrimp fed diets 2-4 (30%-50% fish meal replacement) showed significantly higher growth than those fed diets 6 and 7 (70% and 100% fish meal replacement, respectively). Survival ranged from 94.7% to 100.0% and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among different experimental diets. No differences in body composition were found among shrimps fed different diets. These results showed that up to 70% of fish meal protein can be replaced by PBM without adversely affecting the growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

基于聚二甲基硅氧烷胶与Zn-Al型水滑石复合膜为离子载体的溶解二氧化碳电极及其性能标定

深海探测溶解CO2气体异常.可以为寻找热液口提供一个很好的证据.本文设计的基于自制的聚二甲基硅氧烷胶与Zn-Al型水滑石复合膜为离子载体的溶解CO2探测电极属于电势型CO2电极,适用于对深海中溶解形式的CO2的测量,具有体积微小、便于与pH、盐度、温度、氧化还原电位等多种传感器集成在同一探头腔内,实施在线探测等优点.实验室条件下.将该溶解CO2探测电极与银,氯化银参比电极分别接在Keithley 6517A高阻抗电位计输入端进行测试,测试结果表明:该电极对不同浓度的碳酸氢钠溶液具有良好的响应信号,响应时间大约在30s-1 min.检测限在10-1-10-4mol·L-1.