Turbulence and Fossil Turbulence in Oceans and Lakes

Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than any of the other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Energy cascades of irrotational flows from large scales to small are non-turbulent, even if they supply energy to turbulence. Turbulent flows are rotational and cascade from small scales to large, with feedback. Viscous forces limit the smallest turbulent eddy size to the Kolmogorov scale. In stratified fluids, buoyancy forces limit large vertical overturns to the Ozmidov scale and convert the largest turbulent eddies into a unique class of saturated, non-propagating, internal waves, termed fossil-vorticity-turbulence. These waves have the same energy but different properties and spectral forms than the original turbulence patch. The Gibson (1980, 1986) theory of fossil turbulence applies universal similarity theories of turbulence and turbulent mixing to the vertical evolution of an isolated patch of turbulence in a stratified fluid as its growth is constrained and fossilized by buoyancy forces. Quantitative hydrodynamic-phase-diagrams (HPDs) from the theory are used to classify microstructure patches according to their hydrodynamic states. When analyzed in HPD space, previously published oceanic datasets showed their dominant microstructure patches are fossilized at large scales in all layers. Laboratory and field measurements suggested phytoplankton species with different swimming abilities adjust their growth strategies by pattern recognition of tur-bulence-fossil-turbulence dissipation and persistence times that predict survival-relevant surface layer sea changes. New data collected near a Honolulu waste-water outfall showed the small-to-large evolution of oceanic turbulence microstructure from active to fossil states, and revealed the ability of fossil-density-turbulence patches to absorb, and vertically radiate, internal wave energy, information, and enhanced turbulent-mixing-rates toward the sea surface so that the submerged waste-field could be detected from a space satellite (Bondur and Filatov, 2003).     

失色的陆地明珠--中国湖泊状况的思考

湖泊:陆地上较封闭的天然洼地中蓄积着停滞的或流动缓慢的水体。 湖泊有“天然水库” 的美誉。它不仅为江河大川调节洪枯,而且蕴藏着丰富的淡水资源。在全球约8万立方千米的淡水储量中,湖泊占据了0.26％。     

Shrinking and Drying up of Baiyangdian Lake Wetland： A Natural or Human Cause？

1 Introduction The sensitivity of ecosystems to global climate change is one of important issues for research. Many studies have indicated that wetland ecosystem is one of the most vulnerable systems (Brock and Van, 1992; Vourltis and Oechel, 1997; Burkeet, 2000; Lahmer et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2001; Deng et al., 2003). The shrinking and drying up of wetlands in arid and semiarid areas of China have been widely observed in the recent years (Wang, 1990; Wang and Zhang, 1991; Jin, 1993; …     

丰产塘的水质矛盾剖析——兼论我国池塘传统养鱼技术的改革

人口爆炸、能源短缺、环境污染．是当前世界的三大危机．我国传统养鱼技术，能把有机废料变为蛋白食物，不仅有利于保持生态平衡，还有助于解决劳力就业、生活同题。当然，我国传统养鱼技术也存在产量不高不稳等等问题，不过，和现代工业化养鱼生产方式比较，它更有利于缓和並解决三大危机，也更切合我国国情。因此，研究改革我国传统养鱼技术。扬其长、避其短．对我国淡水养殖及四化建设都有较大实际意义。本文从水化学角度出发，分析了丰产塘内水质矛盾运动的规律，提出：(1)在传统养鱼体制下，丰产塘内鱼的营养条件与生存条件间存在负反馈制约性矛盾，成为限制其单产及效率的关键因素；(2)按“阁楼式饵、鱼分产综合方案”改革传统养鱼技术．从理论上说，能够克服负反馈制约矛盾，保留、发扬传统养鱼技术的长处。     

武汉市东西湖区主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

人类活动对水环境影响巨大,同时水环境影响着人类的生产生活。采用地质累积指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对武汉市东西湖区主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属情况展开评价发现东西湖主要湖泊表层沉积物平均污染程度处于相对较低水平。地累积指数法评价结果表明,东大湖和金湖中Cd元素处于中度污染水平累积,墨水湖和上金湖中Cd元素为偏中度污染累积水平,其他湖泊沉积物中重金属均处于轻度或无污染水平。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明金湖和东大湖沉积物中重金属的潜在风险处于重度生态风险水平,墨水湖、上金湖、下银湖处于中度风险水平,其余湖泊沉积物中重金属的潜在风险均处于低风险水平。主成分分析表明,Hg、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb可能来自于工业和交通源的排放,而As可能与农药的使用有关。后期金湖、东大湖、墨水湖、上金湖和下银湖的内源污染治理过程中需考虑重金属的生态风险问题。     

阳宗海硅藻群落对水体污染和水文调控的长期响应模式北大核心CSCDCSSCI

在人类活动持续干扰的背景下,云南部分湖泊面临着污染物输入增加的环境压力,特别是营养盐富集和重金属污染。以云南地区遭受过严重工业污染的阳宗海为研究对象,通过沉积物硅藻群落、砷浓度、营养元素与稳定同位素、粒度等多指标分析,结合文献记录和湖泊调查结果,揭示了阳宗海硅藻群落对湖泊富营养化和砷污染的长期响应特征,并识别了不同时期的主要环境压力与其驱动强度。结果表明:长期的营养盐累积使得浮游硅藻逐渐占据优势地位,且耐污染的底栖硅藻种的快速增加与砷污染出现的时段一致。在阳宗海长期富营养化的背景下,当水体砷污染物浓度达到一定阈值水平后,硅藻群落结构的改变和多样性的降低都指示了湖泊生态系统发生了灾难性的转变。同时1965年开始的湖泊引水工程导致了贫营养种的突然增加。因此,水体富营养化、重金属污染与湖泊水文调控是导致阳宗海硅藻群落长期变化的主控因子,对阳宗海的生态修复与综合治理需要综合考虑不同胁迫因子的长期影响与驱动作用。     

中全新世以来查干淖尔古湖面波动

内陆湖泊水位变化是对区域气候和水文变化的一种响应,古湖岸堤是过去湖泊水位变化的最直接证据。野外考察发现内蒙古高原查干淖尔湖周围存在海拔为1 026、1 023m和1 018m的3级古湖岸堤。根据光释光定年,其形成年代分别是6.83±0.37、4.26±0.29ka BP和2.42±0.15ka BP。利用DEM模型恢复得到的对应时期古湖面积分别是270、230km2和120km2。在6.83~4.26ka BP时段,查干淖尔古湖高湖面稳定在1 023~1 026m,比现代湖面约高7m,该时段气候相对湿润,4.26ka BP以来湖面持续下降,与区域性甚至全球性气候变化有着深刻的关系。     

基于多源空间数据的塔里木河下游湖泊变化研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

利用历史图件、地形图及遥感数据监测塔里木河下游诸多湖泊水域面积并分析近一百多年的变化情况。根据湖泊水域及其变化,该区湖泊在100多年内变化过程可以分为3个时间段:1 20世纪60年代以前,该区水文条件较好,19世纪末20世纪初湖泊总面积超过2000 km~2;20世纪60-70年代至20世纪末,随着水利设施的陆续兴建,湖泊水域缩小,甚至某些湖泊彻底干涸;21世纪随着塔里木河流域综合治理与下游生态输水工程的实施,该区水文条件有所好转,干涸多年的一些湖泊重新形成水域,2013年湖泊水域总面积达760 km~2。2根据湖盆成因及水域变化把该区湖泊分为:河道西侧的风成湖,河道网之间及东侧的河成湖及河道末端的构造湖等三类。3初步总结风成湖演变过程,发现该区风成湖与河成湖在形状、深度、水质、形成时间等方面有较大差异。4近代人为因素对湖泊水域变化的影响高于自然因素。     

Identification and geochemical significance of polarized macromolecular compounds in lacustrine and marine oils

Polarized macromolecular compounds in typical lacustrine and marine shale oils collected from the Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin of China were analyzed by FT-ICR-MS. Maturity was taken into consideration by diagenesis physical simulation experiments on shale oils, which had been collected at various temperature and pressure stages. The results showed that similar components existed in non-hydrocarbon and asphaltenes and the main peak compound classes of Nl and 02 were potential parameters for identifying typical marine oil and lacustrine oil in China. Nitrogen compounds/（nitrogen compounds and oxygen compounds）, such as Nl/（O2＋Nt）, NL/（Oa＋Nt）, Ni/（NiO1＋N1O2） are the maturity indicators, which are related with C-N and C-O bond energy. Differences in molecular components and weights between marine and lacustrine oils are the effective index to identify source maturity and sedimentary environment.     

聊城市深层淡水环境问题与可持续利用

聊城市工业用水主要依赖地下水,随着经济的快速发展,需水量持续增加。但由于深水井分布密度过大、布局不合理且超量开采,导致深层淡水水位不断下降,形成多个漏斗区,水质恶化出水量减少等诸多水环境问题。通过分析,提出可持续开采利用的对策与建议。