实施“走出去”再创新业绩——河南省地矿局第一水文地质工程地质队掠影

河南省地矿局第一水文地质工程地质队始建于1957年。现有在职职工528人,各类专业技术人员248人,其中高级工程师31人（教授级高级工程师6人,享受国家级政府津贴专家5人）,国家注册土木（岩土）工程师、建造师30人。     

咸水层二氧化碳封存试验的水文和地球化学监测

水文和地球化学监测是典型试验场地特征描述和二氧化碳利流监测的主要组成部分。本次试验把二氧化碳注入德克萨斯州北部海湾地区河成三角洲Frio地层的含咸水砂层。注入的二氧化碳在原地形成超临界相,与周围咸水相比超临界相二氧化碳具有气体特征（低密度和粘度）,而一些二氧化碳溶解于咸水。典型试验通过1个注入井和1个监测井完成。在两个水井均开展了压力和流速监测;在监测井持续采集地表流体样品和定期采集井下液体样品。在二氧化碳注入之前开展的场地特征描述包括：在抽水试验的同时进行压力瞬变分析,来评估单相流动特征;确定注入井和监测井之间的水力连通性;确定对应的边界条件以及分析地层范围内的环境条件。此外,在注入二氧化碳前开展的示踪剂试验,有助于评估在单相条件下注入井和监测井之间的动态孔隙率和流径的几何形状。在注入二氧化碳前开展的地球化学采样,能为随后开展的地球化学监测提供基准,并有助于确定注入二氧化碳时使用的最佳示踪剂。在二氧化碳注入期间,开展水文监测来评估两相流动特征,并协助监测注入的二氧化碳羽流的运动;而通过地球化学采样能够提供二氧化碳和示踪剂到达监测井的直接证据。而且,含有二氧化碳的水能起到弱酸的作用,可与含水层内多种矿物发生反应,在监测井采集水样时可提供明显的化学信号。单相示踪剂试验和二氧化碳（以及与二氧化碳同时注入的示踪剂）的临界点曲线对比结果显示：超临界二氧化碳与固有咸水之间存在两相流动过程：为了有效地把二氧化碳封存于咸水含水层,必须充分了解二氧化碳封存场地当前存在的不确定性因素。     

快速城镇化进程中珠江三角洲高铵地下水赋存环境及驱动因素

地下水中高浓度的铵态氮对生活饮用水安全及生态环境存在潜在威胁。相比较硝态氮，高浓度的铵态氮不仅有各种人为来源，天然沉积环境更是造成高铵地下水的主要成因。本文以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区，运用数理统计、主成分分析等方法深入探讨了研究区高铵地下水的赋存环境特征及驱动因素。结果表明，研究区地下水中NH₄⁺质量浓度介于未检出~180 mg/L。研究区1539组地下水样品中，NH₄⁺质量浓度大于10 mg/L的高铵地下水69组，其中含NH₄⁺质量浓度大于30 mg/L的高铵"肥水"23组。对比2005-2008年历史水化学数据，2009-2018年新增建设用地孔隙含水层高铵地下水样品比例增加25%。高铵地下水呈斑块状分布于三角洲平原区第四系底部低洼的基底、洼地等退积层序发育的淤泥质含水层中。淤泥层等富含有机质和总有机碳的沉积层是珠江三角洲地区的"生铵层"，有机氮的矿化是三角洲平原区城市化孔隙含水层中高铵地下水的主要驱动力。城镇化扩张引起生活污水及富铵工业废水的泄漏入渗是城乡结合部高铵地下水铵氮的重要来源。三角洲平原区中性至弱碱性富含有机质的还原环境是高铵地下水的主要成因。风化溶滤、阳离子交换吸附、海陆交互作用是珠江三角洲高铵地下水质演变的主要水文地球化学过程。     

陕西省水工程勘察规划研究院

陕西省水工程勘察规划研究院始建于一九四九年。长期以来承担着全省地下水监测研究、地下水盗源调查评价、地下水开发利用规划、钻井技术设备研究、科技推广等专业按术工作和机井工程建设监督、质量管理，钻井施工资质管理等行业技术管理工作。具有国家甲级水文水资源调查评价、建设项目水资源论证、水文地质勘察、岩土工程资质．     

“第34届国际水文地质大会”即将在京召开

水文地质学作为与国民经济发展密切相关的应用学科，在世界各国水资源调查、保护和管理方面发挥着重要的支撑作用。2006年是国际水文地质学家协会（IAH）成立五十周年。因此，2006年10月09日-2006年10月13日国际水文地质学家协会和中国国土资源部将在北京市联合举办“第34届国际水文地质大会”。这将是继1988年中国在桂林市成功举办“第21届国际水文地质大会”之后，再次在中国举办国际水文地质大会。     

Temporal and dimensional distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） groups and quantity in the sediments of Lake Erhai

The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the temporal and dimensional distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） groups and quantity in Lake Erhai. In April and September 2005, two sediment cores were collected from Lake Erhai. SRB groups were analyzed by PCR with six-groups primers designed according to the specific 16SrDNA sequence. FISH （fluorescence in-situ hybridization） was established with the oligonucleotide probe （SRB385） and utilized to analyze SRB quantity in the sediments. The results showed that in the sediments of Lake Erhai four SRB groups were detected except Desulfobacterium and Desulfobacter, meanwhile Desulfovibrio-Desulfomicrobium were detected only in autumn; different SRB groups had different temporal and dimensional distribution, and each group in autumn is distributed more widely than in spring; FISH used to count SRB in the sediments of fresh lake was set up successfully; the analysis of correlation between the sediment＇s depth and SRB quantity had statistical meaning （P〈0.05） . The result showed that SRB quantity showed a decreasing trend with increasing depth. Through the analysis of randomized block designed analysis of variance, the difference in SRB quantity between spring and autumn also had statistical meaning （P〈0.001）, which revealed SRB quantity in autumn was larger than in spring; the result of FISH showed that there were some SRB in the deeper sediments in which no above-mentioned six SRB groups were detected by PCR. SRB groups in the sediments of Lake Erhai were rich, and the quantities of SRB groups in autumn were larger than in spring; possibly there were uncultivable SRB groups in the sediments of Lake Erhai.     

Association between multi-level inorganic arsenic exposure from drinking water and skin lesions in Inner Mongolia, China

Arsenic is one of the most important single-substance toxicants in the environment. In Inner Mongolia of China, 300000 residents are believed to drink water containing 〉50 μg/L. Skin lesions have been known as the most common consequences resulting from chronic exposure to arsenic. To clarify the prevalence of arsenic-induced skin lesions, it is important to assess the impact of this problem on the target population, and to make future planning. We evaluated the association between multi-level inorganic arsenic exposure from drinking water and skin lesions in an arsenic-affected area in Inner Mongolia, China. 109 and 32 subjects fi＇om high-level arsenic-affected （〉5 μg/L） village and low-level （≤50 μg/L） village were recruited and had detailed physical examination with special emphasis on arsenic-related skin lesions. Arsenic exposure was measured for each participant with As concentration of primary well and the duration of using the well was recorded. Arsenic-induced skin lesions including keratosis, pigmentation, and/or leucomelanosis were diagnosed in 56 and 3 subjects in the two villages, respectively. Logistic regression was conducted to calculate prevalence-odd ratios of skin lesions by levels of arsenic exposure with adjustment of sex, age group, smoking and duration of exposure. A consistent dose-response relationship between arsenic exposure level and skin lesion risk was observed.     

XANES analysis of the mechanisms of arsenic removal in biological iron and manganese treatment unit

Biological iron and manganese removal utilizing indigenous iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria （IRB hereafter） in groundwater can also be applied to arsenic removal according to our pilot-scale test. The arsenic removal probably occurred through sorption and complexation of arsenic to iron and manganese oxides formed by enzymic action of IRB. We investigated the chemical properties of iron and manganese oxides in IRB floc and the valence state of arsenic sorbed to the floc to clarify the mechanisms of the arsenic [especially As （Ⅲ）] removal. The floc samples were collected from two drinking water plants using IRB （Jyoyo and Yamatokoriyama, Japan）, and our pilot - scale test site where arsenic and iron removal using IRB is under way （Mukoh, Japan）. The Jyoyo and Yamatokoriyama IRB floc samples were subjected to As （Ⅲ） and As（Ⅴ） sorption experiments. The elemental composition of the floc samples was measured. XANES spectra were collected on As, Fe and Mn K-edges at synchrotron radiation facility Spring 8 （Hyogo, Japan）. FT-IR and the X-ray diffraction spectra of the samples were also obtained. The IRB floc contained ca. 35 % Fe, 0.3%-3.5% Mn and 2%-6% P. The samples were highly amorphous and contained ferrihidrites and hydrated iron phosphate. According to XANES analyses of IRB, As associated with IRB was in ＋5 valence state when As （Ⅲ） （or As （Ⅴ）） was added in laboratory sorption test, Fe in ＋3 valence state, and Mn a mixture of＋3 and ＋4 valence states. Small shift was observed in the XANES spectra of IRB on As K-edge as the equilibration time of the sorption experiment was increased. Gradual oxidation of a small amount of As （Ⅲ） associated with IRB or change in arsenic binding with sorption site were the probable mechanism.     

Possibility of degradation of phenylarsonic acid in the presence of ferrihydrite

Although inorganic species are predominant in natural systems, but there are many kinds of organoarsenic species such as methylated and phenylated arsenic compounds. Phenylarsonic acid （PA） is a degradation product of organoarsenics used for chemical warfare agents, which has been detected in well water at the disposal site of the agents in Japan. There are few reports studying behavior of PA in soil. In this study, PA was adsorbed onto ferrihydrite and its chemical forms were determined using high performance liquid chromatography connected to inductivity-coupled plasma mass spectrometry （HPLC-ICP-MS）. 100 mg/kg of PA was mixed with 0.03 g of 2-line ferrihydrite. For each suspension, pH was adjusted by HNO3 or NaOH. Each sample was incubated for more than 19 hours and the final pH was measured. After filtration, the chemical form of arsenic in the filtrate was measured using HPLC-ICP-MS. In addition, ferrihydrite separated by filtration was dissolved by 3 ml of 0.5 M HCI and the arsenic species in the solution was detected by HPLC-ICP-MS （column： Tosoh TSKgel SuperlC-AP, eluent： 0.01 M HNO3）. It was verified that PA is not degraded by heating in 0.5 M HCl solution. At pH 3.1, any arsenic compounds were not detected from the solution, because almost all arsenic species were adsorbed onto ferrihydrite at lower pH. At pH= 12, however, 7%-10% of inorganic arsenic was detected in the solution. In solid phase, there are some problems to determine the precise ratio of inorganic and organic species. When the solution includes Fe ion at 0.01 M level, the retention time of arsenic species drifted compared to those in standard solution, which makes it difficult to determine precisely the arsenic species adsorbed on ferrihydrite. Therefore, more study is needed to determine the ratio of inorganic and organic species in the system.     

Synergistic effect of combining sulfate reducing bacteria and zerovalent iron permeable reactive barriers on the treatment of groundwater rich in uranium, sulfate and heavy metals

Uranium processing and mining activities that generate many contaminants, such as high concentrations of U （VI）, sulfate and heavy metals （Zn, Cu, Ni, etc）, may pose a serious threat to the groundwater resources. In recent years, considerable research has been conducted respectively on two kinds of permeable reactive barriers （PRB）, including zerovalent iron （ZVI） and sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB）, for in-situ removal of these pollutants from groundwater. However, little investigation has been carried out on the potential benefits of bioaugmenting ZVI barriers to enhance the elimination of the pollutants by combining ZVI with SRB systems. The main goal of this study was to conduct batch and column experiments to determine whether the combination of SRB and ZVI can function synergistically and accelerate the rate of pollutant removal. The results of anaerobic batch experiments demonstrated that although the integrated ZVI/PRB system itself has no ability to reduce and remove sulfate directly, SRB can utilize hydrogen gas produced during the slow process of ZVI corrosion as an electron donor to raise biomass yields significantly and accelerate reductive sulfate removal. In particular, ferrous cations produced as the byproduct of ZVI corrosion process reacted with hydrogen sulfide from sulfate reduction and formed iron-bearing sulfide precipitates, which can stimulate the growth of SRB and promote sulfate removal activity by eliminating the biotoxicity of hydrogen sulfide. It was also shown that secondary mineral products （pyrite/ferrous sulfide） formed as a consequence of microbial sulfate reduction and ZVI corrosion process can enhance the microbial precipitation of soluble U （VI） as insoluble uraninite（uranium dioxide）.