KÖhler方程的分析与修正

KÖhler方程是云物理学中的一个基础公式,是云滴形成理论的重要组成部分。我们在研究中对KÖhler公式推导和假设提出了一些疑问,如未考虑液滴生长过程中浓度、范德霍夫系数等变化对方程所产生的影响,并给出了解决方式,同时利用另一种推导方式讨论KÖhler公式的应用,加强了KÖhler方程与实际云滴核化过程的结合。     

硫酸-抗坏血酸-氯化钠体系示波极谱法测定矿石中的锡

示波极谱法测定矿石中锡的方法试验,底液的组成为硫酸-抗坏血酸-氯化钠,于-430 mV处测量锡的峰电流,对试液中锡的质量浓度在0.25～7.5 mg/L之间与峰电流呈线性关系。锡的相对标准偏差分别为0.5%～6.91%,检出限为0.25 mg/L。     

Fluid Inclusions in the Gold—Bearing Quartz Veins at Um Rus Area,Eastern Desert,Egypt

Fluid inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins at the Um Rus area are of three types: H₂O, H₂O−CO₂ and CO₂ inclusions. H₂O inclusions are the most abundant, they include two phases which exhibit low and high homogenization temperatures ranging from 150 to 200°C and 175 to 250°C, respectively. The salinity of aqueous inclusions, based on ice melting, varies between 6.1 and 8 equiv. wt% NaCl. On the other hand, H₂O−CO₂ fluid inclusions include three phases. Their total homogenization temperatures range from 270 to 325°C, and their salinity, based on clathrate melting, ranges between 0.8 and 3.8 equiv. wt% NaCl. CO₂ fluid inclusions homogenize to a liquid phase and exhibit a low density range from 0.52 to 0.66 g/cm³. The partial mixing of H₂O−CO₂ and salt H₂O−NaCl fluid inclusions is the main source of fluids from which the other types of inclusions were derived. The gold-bearing quartz veins are believed to be of medium temperature hydrothermal convective origin.     

Effect of sodium chloride and cadmium on the growth,oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a salt-tolerant yeast species capable of removing cadmium(Cd) pollutant from aqueous solution. Presently, the physiological characteristics of Z. rouxii under the stress of sodium chloride(NaCl) and Cd are poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of NaCl and Cd on the growth, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii after stress treatment for 24 h. Results showed that NaCl or Cd alone negatively affected the growth of Z. rouxii, but the growth-inhibiting effect of Cd on Z. rouxii was reduced in the presence of NaCl. Flow cytometry assay showed that under Cd stress, NaCl significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and cell death of Z. rouxii compared with those in the absence of NaCl. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and peroxidase(POD) of Z. rouxii were significantly enhanced by 2%–6% NaCl, which likely contributed to the high salt tolerance of Z. rouxii. The POD activity was inhibited by 20 mg L-1Cd while the SOD and CAT activities were enhanced by 8 mg L-1 Cd and inhibited by 20 mg L-1 or 50 mg L-1 Cd. The inhibitory effect of high-level Cd on the antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii was counteracted by the combined use of NaCl, especially at 6%. This probably accounted for the decrease in Cd-induced ROS production and cell death of Z. rouxii after incubation with NaCl and Cd. Our work provided physiological clues as to the use of Z. rouxii as a biosorbent for Cd removal from seawater and liquid highly salty food.     

Electrochemical behavior of pyrite in acidic solution with different concentrations of NaCl

The role of chloride ions in metal sulfides leaching has been well established by researchers, the complexation of chloride ions was considered to be the main effect of chloride ions. In this work, the complexation of chloride ions was neglected by addition of EDTA, a strong complexing agent. In this way, further study was conducted on the effect of chloride ions. The increase of chloride ions concentration from 0 to 2 mol/L, decreased the open circuit potential of pyrite from 264 to 91 mV. Unless otherwise stated, all potentials in this paper are based on the potential of saturated calomel electrode. At 600 mV, the increase of chloride ions concentration acceleraed pyrite oxidation; at 800 and 1000 mV, however, the increase of chloride ions concentration lowered pyrite oxidation rate, and the proportion of elemental sulfur was also decreased with increasing chloride ions concentration; when chloride ions concentration increased from 0 to 2 mol/L, the proportion of elemental sulfur decreased from 32% to 28.4% at 800 mV, and 7.1% to 2.4% at 1000 inV.     

25 ℃时NaClNH4ClH2O三元水盐体系相平衡的研究

利用湿渣法,研究了25℃时NaCl-NH4Cl-H2O三元水盐体系的固液相平衡关系,测出了NaCl和NH4Cl在水中的溶解度数据,并绘制了相图。结果表明该体系在25℃时的相图存在6个区域,即:纯NH4Cl结晶区;纯NaCl结晶区;以NH4Cl为主的固溶体结晶区;以NaCl为主的固溶体结晶区;以NH4Cl为主的固溶体和以NaCl为主的固溶体共同结晶区以及不饱和溶液区。     

A New Method for Determining Fluid Compositions in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 System with Cryogenic Raman Spectroscopy

Raman peaks of various hydrates in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 system have been previously identified, but a quantitative relationship between the Raman peaks and XNaCl （i.e.,NaCl/ （NaCl＋CaCl2）） has not been established, mainly due to the difficulty to freeze the solutions. This problem was solved by adding alumina powder to the solutions to facilitate nucleation of crystals. Cryogenic （-185℃） Raman spectroscopic studies of alumina-spiced solutions indicate that XNaCl is linearly correlated with the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite. Capsules of solutions made from silica capillary were prepared to simulate fluid inclusions. Most of these artificial fluid inclusions could not be totally frozen even at temperatures as low as -185℃, and the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite is not correlated linearly with XNaCI. However, the degree of deviation （△XNaCl） from the linear correlation established earlier is related to the amount of residual solution, which is reflected by the ratio （r） of the baseline ＂bump＂ area, resulting from the interstitial unfrozen brine near 3435 cm^-1, and the total hydrate peak area between 3350 and 3600 cm^-1. A linear correlation between △XNaCl and r is established to estimate XNaCl from cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis for fluid inclusions.     

卡拉博加兹海湾卤水中矿物的形成过程

本文是俄罗斯科学院库尔纳科夫普通和无机化学研究所天然盐化学和工艺学研究室多年来对卡拉博加兹海湾的研究结果．他们对该海湾的地理环境、气候条件、里海海水对湾内卤水的补给与相互作用等进行了研究，给出海湾成盐化学模式．尤其是１９８０年在把里海与卡拉博加兹海湾连接峡口堵塞后，引起海湾完全干涸，导致环境灾害，这是一件值得盐湖化学家们借鉴的教训．