论VAM的适宜时间

垂直角观测(vAM)的质量与作业时间有关.通过对大气折光角及其起伏的日变化规律的分析,提出了一种根据动态照准误差确定vAM的有利与不利时间的方法.与传统的观点相比较,采用该法确定的适宜时间将具有更高的参考价值.     

GPS方位角及其在导线测量中的应用研究

本文以三、四等和一级导线测量为例,针对利用GPS技术测定导线已知方位角中诸如应满足的精度、应遵守的基本技术规定、起算点坐标的联测、方位角系统转换及对导线的作用等基本问题进行了分析探讨。     

水库调节地区东江流域非一致性水文极值演变特征、成因及影响

选用8种概率分布函数,以极大似然法估计函数参数,采用AIC、BIC和AICc模型选择准则选出最优分布函数,系统分析变化环境下东江龙川和河源2站的极值流量特征,并对年最大流量变化规律及其影响做有益探讨。结果表明:降雨和水库蓄水工程是年最大流量显著下降的主要原因。龙川和河源站年最大流量LN2混尾分布拟合最好,变化环境后洪水频率最优分布线型基本保持一致,但流量变小造成分布参数改变已导致分布线型高水尾部特性变缓,相应设计流量偏小。用水文情势发生变化前估计的洪水重现期不能很好描述变化后洪水频率特征。     

基于MODIS反演祁连山七一冰川雪粒径

基于MODIS 500 m分辨率数据,利用MODTRAN 4+模型和可见光波段、近红外波段的波段比方法反演雪粒径,建立1个消融期内的雪粒径变化的时间序列,通过采集七一冰川上设立的观测点对应时间段内雪粒径验证MODIS模拟的雪粒径值,结合位于观测点附近的气象站的气温数据,探讨气温对雪粒径的影响。结果表明,雪粒径的增长存在着明显的日变化趋势;模拟的雪粒径普遍高于实测的雪粒径值,因此反演模型需要约为1.1倍的校正因子;气温对雪粒径的影响显著。     

教材中的活动内容选择及其效果研究——以高中人教版《地理》必修一为例

一、引言新课标明确提出,“学习对生活有用的地理、学习对终身发展有用的地理”。足见地理学习的重要性,以及新课标注重地理学习实用性的特点。同时,通过地理学习培养学生的自我探究能力也是新课标的重要目标之一。高中阶段的地理知识涉及面广,且更有深度。加上新课改后教学时间缩短,所以教与学都有一定难度。对于高中地理老师来说,在有限的课堂时间里如何让学生掌握知识、理解知识并学会运用知识是非常重要的。     

A review on statistical models for identifying climate contributions to crop yields

Statistical models using historical data on crop yields and weather to calibrate relatively simple regression equations have been widely and extensively applied in previous studies, and have provided a common alternative to process-based models, which require extensive input data on cultivar, management, and soil conditions. However, very few studies had been conducted to review systematically the previous statistical models for indentifying climate contributions to crop yields. This paper introduces three main statistical methods, i.e., time-series model, cross-section model and panel model, which have been used to identify such issues in the field of agrometeorology. Generally, research spatial scale could be categorized into two types using statistical models, including site scale and regional scale (e.g. global scale, national scale, provincial scale and county scale). Four issues exist in identifying response sensitivity of crop yields to climate change by statistical models. The issues include the extent of spatial and temporal scale, non-climatic trend removal, colinearity existing in climate variables and non-consideration of adaptations. Respective resolutions for the above four issues have been put forward in the section of perspective on the future of statistical models finally.     

考虑非达西效应的边水气藏水平井见水时间预测模型

边水气藏水平井见水后产量下降,准确预测见水时间有利于选择合理的开发及配产方式、提高边水气藏采收率.考虑水侵速度、储层倾角及气相非达西效应等因素,建立边水气藏水平井见水时间预测模型;计算P边水气藏W井的见水时间,与未考虑水侵速度等因素的见水时间对比,并对影响因素进行敏感性分析.结果表明:水侵过程中,水质点向井底移动的速度...     

Preliminary study on aftershock decay rate of the 2013 Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake

We obtained a catalog of early aftershocks of the 2013 Lushan earthquake by examining waveform from a nearby station MDS which is 30.2 km far away from the epicenter, and then we analyzed the relation between aftershock rate and time. We used time-window ratio method to identify aftershocks from continuous waveform data and compare the result with the catalog provided by China Earthquake Networks Center （CENC）. As expected, a significant amount of earthquakes is missing in CENC catalog in the 24 h after the main shock. Moreover, we observed a steady seismicity rate of aftershocks nearly in the first 10,000 s before an obvious power-law decay of aftershock activity. We consider this distinct early stage which does not fit the Omori law with a constant p （p - 1） value as early aftershock deficiency （EAD）, as proposed by previous studies. Our study suggests that the main shock rupture process is different from aftershocks＇ processes, and EAD can vary in different cases as compared to earthquakes of strike-slip mechanism in California.     

极值理论在台湾地区地震趋势预测中的应用

利用陈培善等人对极值理论修改后的极值分布函数模型对1971-01～2012-06台湾地区的地震资料进行统计分析。根据地震活动和地震地质构造特征划分区域、确定边界,单位时间的选取由其地震发生的频度和能量来确定,单位时间内最小与最大地震的确定分别考虑相关区域内台网的监控能力以及删除余震后的实际情况,根据修正后的极值理论统计计算出相应地震的复发周期及在未来一定时间内可能发生相应地震的次数与发震概率,并对有关结果进行模型检验和映震能力分析,同时与利用M-T图及震级与G-R关系获取的M≥7.0级地震的复发周期进行比较。     

包括前震和余震的不含时间的地震危险性概率分析

在不含时间的地震危险性概率分析中,每个震源都被视为在时间和空间上无关。因此,在时间和空间上都依赖主震的前震和余震都不被列入地震目录。然而,事实表明,这些地震能够产生破坏性地震动,应该被认为是构成地震危险性的一部分。本研究将主震及其相关地震作为时间不相关的群体,每个群体在时间和空间上都与其他任何群体无关,且都具有主震的复发时间。通过将震群中的地震视为事件的并,相关事件都会对地震动和危险性有贡献。根据美国地质调查局的高危险性场地判别方法,纳入相关事件使超过工程意义概率水平的地震动增加了约10％,但如果能够可靠地计算余震发生量的变化,这个增加量可能会高达20％。