秦皇岛近海褐潮高发区浮游植物的碱性磷酸酶活性分析

碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,AP)是浮游植物在磷胁迫状态下表达的一种水解有机磷源的胞外酶,可用于指示海区浮游植物的磷胁迫状态。本研究于2013年7月,对秦皇岛近海抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)褐潮发生期间浮游植物的碱性磷酸酶活性(AP activity,APA)进行研究,结合其他理化参数,分析藻华发生时浮游植物的磷营养状态及其对海水中磷源的水解与利用情况。结果表明,褐潮发生时,抑食金球藻细胞密度高达108个/L,溶解有机磷(Dissolved organic phosphorus,DOP)成为浮游植物生长利用的主要磷源。抑食金球藻的细胞密度受到海水中NO3–、DOP、溶解无机磷(Dissolved inorganic phosphorus,DIP)浓度等的显著影响。浮游植物大量表达AP水解DOP,平均APA高达217.72 nmol/(μg·h)±90.86 nmol/(μg·h)(350.44 nmol/(L·h)±130.57 nmol/(L·h)),且APA随浮游植物生物量增大而显著增加。该结果表明抑食金球藻褐潮发生时,海区遭受严峻的磷胁迫甚至限制。磷源,尤其是有机磷源的可利用性可能在秦皇岛海区抑食金球藻褐潮的发生和维持中起关键作用。     

Behavior of different phosphorus species in suspended particulate matter in the Changjiang estuary

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary in June 2006 was separated into five fractions via water elutriation: clay-very fine silt (<8 μm), fine silt (8–16 μm), medium silt (16–32 μm), coarse silt (32-63 μm) and sand (>63 μm). The SPM and fractionated particles were sequentially analyzed by a modified SEDEX sequential extraction method to obtain six species of phosphorus: exchangeable or loosely-sorbed P, organic P, Fe-bound P, authigenic P, detrital P and refractory P. The results indicated that all particulate phosphorus species except for detrital P were negatively correlated to particle size; a high detrital P content was found in coarse silt and very coarse silt. From the inside of the river mouth to the gate of the river mouth, organic P, Fe-bound P and refractory P in the suspended particles decreased and a higher amount of exchangeable P appeared around the gate of the river mouth. From the gate of the river mouth to the sea, exchangeable P and organic P in suspended particles increased distinctly. The total particulate P flux into the estuary from the Changjiang River was about 45.45×10⁸ μmol/s during sampling. Of this, about 8.27×10⁸ μmol/s was associated with the “truly suspended” fraction. The bio-available particulate P flux was about 13.58×10⁸ μmol/s. Of this, about 4.24×10⁸ μmol/s was transported by “truly suspended” particles.     

土壤样品中有机磷农药的加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱测定

建立加速溶剂萃取提取土壤样品中13种有机磷农药残留,经Carb柱净化、Rtx-OPP2大口径毛细管柱分离、气相色谱-火焰光度检测器检测。方法仪器检出限在0.67～1.50ng/mL,线性范围在0.67～600ng/mL,相关系数在0.9994～0.9999。模拟土壤样品和实际土壤样品基体加标回收率分别在54.3%～106%和60.7%～133%,方法精密度(RSD,n=5)在2.2%～9.9%。方法简便、灵敏,适用于土壤样品中有机磷农药残留的分析。     

闭合超声循环吹扫针捕集动态提取-气相色谱法测定地下水中的4种有机磷农药

基于针捕集适于免溶剂提取气态介质样品的特点,通过蠕动泵将针捕集与水样组成闭合循环吹扫系统,提高目标物的水样/顶空亨利系数,建立了针捕集闭合循环提取耦合气相色谱快速分析地下水中4种半挥发性有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲拌磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷)的方法,该方法集采样、提取、净化、浓缩、色谱进样于一体。确定了针捕集提取水样最佳条件为:采样流速11.11 m L/min,水样提取温度40℃,在此条件下获得浓度均为1 mg/L的4种有机磷农药的针捕集吸附穿透体积,其中甲基对硫磷最大为600 m L。以5μg/L、50μg/L和200μg/L三个浓度水平的加标平均回收率为62.3%~103.0%,除敌敌畏低浓度水平的RSD为26.1%外,其余组分的RSD7.7%;方法检出限为0.016~0.157μg/L,接近或优于现行国标及相关研究结果。     

pH 值对有机磷在弱透水层中迁移转化的试验模拟

为研究渗透水pH 值对有机磷通过弱透水黏土层迁移转化的影响规律,采用黏性土层充压渗透装置模拟污染潜水中有机磷渗透通过弱透水层的迁移转化过程。研究发现,有机磷组分通过弱透水层的迁移能力总体较弱,不同pH 值条件下有机磷的矿化率为93. 5% ～ 99. 95%; 在进水pH 值为5. 5 ～ 8. 5 时,进水pH 值越高,土层中磷酸酶的活性也越高,降解转化有机磷的能力也越强; 黏土对有机磷的阻滞能力也增强。进水pH 值为5. 5 时,迁移率为6. 5%; 当pH 达到8. 5 时,矿化率明显增加,迁移率＜ 0. 05%,使其不易渗入深层地下水引起污染。