Recent climate trends on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

In arid regions, mountains fulfill important ecological and economic functions for the surrounding lowlands. In the scenario of global warming, mountain ecosystems change rapidly, especially in the arid region of northwestern China. This paper provides an assessment of the changes in temperature and precipitation in the historical records of climate on the northern slopes of the eastern Tianshan Mountains. A Mann-Kendall nonparametric trend and Sen＇s tests are employed to analyze the interannual changes and innerannual variability in temperature and precipitatiofi in the regions of low to high altitude. The present study finds that the largest increases in annual temperature are observed at stations in the low altitude regions. The significant increasing trends in temperature tend to occur mainly in late winter and early spring at stations from middle to high altitude, but in summer and autumn at stations of low altitudes. The increasing trends in annual precipitation are found from the middle to high altitude areas, but decreasing trends are found in the low altitude areas. The significant increasing trends in precipitation occur mostly in winter and earlier spring at stations from the middle to high altitudes, while the increasing and decreasing trend coexists at stations of low altitude with most of the significant trend changes occurring in March, June and August.     

干旱地区

如果80年代后期,环境问题的关键是“温室效应”和“臭氧空洞”,那么80年代早期,对应的问题当是“旱灾”和“饥荒”。有关“旱灾”、“沙漠”、“沙漠化”、“土地退化”和“饥荒”等问题,在新闻媒介中谬误泛滥,事实遭到曲解,定义失去严密性。在英国,干旱定义为“连续15天降雨量每天不超过0.2mm”,如1988、1989年秋冬的大部分时间都是这个定义上的干旱。由于它没给人们带来麻烦,也就几乎没作任何报道。一些研究人员认为,干旱只有当它对人类社会产生影响时,才算得上是真正的干旱。因此,这个定义还是不够确切的。     

干旱地区植被指数(VI)的适宜性研究

以位于典型干旱区的甘肃河西地区石羊河下游的民勤绿洲为例,对NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI和GEMI等4种VI(植被指数)受土壤背景光谱影响的程度和探测低盖度植被的能力进行了对比研究。通过分析VI提取植被信息时植被土壤噪音比的变化发现,植被覆盖较低条件下VI提取植被信息总体受土壤背景光谱影响程度较低,相比而言,GEMI提取植被信息中受土壤背景影响最小,其他3种VI的区别不太明显。通过分析不同VI随植被覆盖度增加的反映速率变化及不同覆盖条件下不同VI的取值范围的变化发现,NDVI探测低盖度植被的能力最强,GEMI次之。GEMI可能是干旱地区植被探测较适宜的植被指数。     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold andArid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of glacier, snow, river, lake, sea ice, permafrost and seasonal frozen ground, and periglacial geomorphology, etc.; and think much of cold regions engineering and technology. Researches in arid regions emphasize particularly on the arid-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of arid regions to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of desert, oasis, loess, and aeolian landforms, etc.; and support integrated studies on mountain-desert-oasis system in arid watershed with water resources as masterstroke, so as to provide reliable technological support for water safety, ecology safety and food safety in arid regions.     

宁东鸳鸯湖矿区红柳煤矿顶板砂岩突水机理分析

宁东鸳鸯湖矿区地处西北干旱地区,但其红柳煤矿1121综采工作面在初采期却经历了4次较大规模的突(涌)水,最大突水量达3 000m3/h,工作面被迫两次停产.通过对采场水文地质条件及覆岩离层分布规律的深入分析研究,可以认定该工作面的周期性突水为煤层开采后顶板砂岩中聚集的离层水所致.在此基础上,总结了开采过程中对煤层顶板砂岩含水层离层水进行有效疏放的方法与成功经验.该研究对宁东鸳鸯湖矿区及其他开采侏罗系煤层矿井的防治水工作具有同等重要意义.     

施肥及刈割对干旱地区紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响

在黄土高原中部干旱区采用随机区组试验,研究3个施氮水平(0、51.75、103.5 kg·hm^-2)和3个磷水平(0、126、252 kg·hm^-2)下不同刈割次数(3、4次)对“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿种植当年和第2年产量、株高、再生速度及品质的影响,并对紫花苜蓿生长两年中各指标进行比较.结果表明:干旱地区“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿在具备灌溉条件下,种植当年施肥可显著提高产量、株高和再生速度,且4次刈割下显著高于3次刈割;施肥也能增加紫花苜蓿粗蛋白含量,降低中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,4次刈割下品质更好;高氮低磷处理(N 103.5 kg·hm^-2+P₂O₅ 126 kg·hm^-2)下效果最好,单施氮肥较单施磷肥效果好.同时,第2年紫花苜蓿产量显著高于第1年,第1年增幅较第2年明显,说明在试验地区,“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿种植当年施肥更有效,第2年施肥仍有益;在灌溉和配施N103.5 kg·hm^-2+P₂O₅ 126 kg·hm^-2条件下,种植当年即可实现4次刈割.     

半干旱—干旱地区以钙积层为采样介质的隐伏金矿地球化学勘查

在隐伏金矿的地球化学勘查中,常用的采样介质包括岩石、水系沉积物、土壤、植物和地气等.近几十年,澳大利亚在半干旱—干旱地区以钙积层作为隐伏金矿床地球化学勘查的采样介质,并取得了成功.本文对以钙积层作为隐伏金矿地球化学勘查采样介质的理论和勘查进展进行总结,其勘查理论基础是土壤剖面中金-钙高度相关性,其成因机理较合理地解释为...     

Numerical simulation of the critical scale of oasis maintenance and development in the arid regions of Northwest China

Oasis is a special geographic landscape among the vast desert/Gobi in Northwest China (NWC). The surface sensitive heat flux and latent heat flux at Zhangye Oasis during 1 to 11 August 1991 are simulated using the NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 Version 3. The horizontal grid resolution is set as 1km. By comparing the simulation results with HEIFE observations, it is proved that the model can be used to simulate the surface energy and water mass exchange of arid and semiarid regions in NWC.Based on the above results, the influence of different oasis scales on the local atmospheric field near the ground surface, and the critical scale of oasis maintenance, in NWC are studied dynamically. The following conclusion is obtained: the local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert/Gobi is formed in the oasis downstream if the oasis scale is larger than 4 km. This local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert adjacent to the oasis helps to conserve water vapor over the oasis. At the sametime, it transfers the abundant water vapor from the oasis into the desert/Gobi near to the oasis to supply relatively plentiful water vapor for desert crops to grow on the fringe of the oasis. So, it is advantageous for oasis extension. However, if the scale of the oasis is smaller than 4 km, it is not easy for the local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert/Gobi to take shape. This study provides a new standpoint for oasis maintenance and development.     

干旱地区地表辐射的计算——个例研究

我们利用在中国西部黑河流域所进行的陆气相互作用实验的预试验期间地面和卫星观测资料，研究了在于旱地区地表辐射收支演算中所遇到的困难。通过理论辐射传输计算和用卫星资料对云的反演可以得到地表辐射。计算结果与地表测量的太阳辐射和红外辐射比较表明在有些情况下会发生较大的误差。误差主要是由于缺乏气溶胶资料．云反演时的不确定性以及地面观测与卫星测量之间的时间差异所引起。在无云情况下，模式计算的太阳辐射通量系统大于测量值，当地面温度大于50℃和由于不稳定边界层造成尘埃古量大时计算误差特别大，误差的原因是计算中没有考虑气溶胶．我们发现在下午当气溶胶单次散射反射率取为9．5．光学厚度近似地取为0．2时计算误差可以减小，计算的地面太阳辐射通量和实测值比较一致，然而在大气中太阳辐射如此强的吸收原因仍不清楚．对地面测量和卫星测量资料都可以用的个例研究结果表明，地表净太阳辐射通量和红外向下辐射通量的平均误差分别为4．3和-4.7W／m^2．相应的均方根误差分别为17．4和22．1W／m^2．较大的误差出现在云量较少时，这可能是反演中误把气溶胶当成了云所造成的．研究结果强调了气溶胶在地表辐射计算中的重要性。同时，由于该地区地表温度的日变化非常大，而地面红外辐射的计算，要求温度测量有较高的时间分辨率，因此在干旱地区地面辐射计算中，从卫星资料反演气溶胶和地面温度应予以最优先考虑．