陕北地区水污染物排放量预测研究

水是陕北能源化工基地建设的关键性资源,防治水环境污染是确保能源基地可持续发展重要保障。本文依据陕北能源化工基地建设相关规划,分污染物达标排放、推行清洁生产、部分行业生产污水零排放＋清洁生产等三种情景,对未来陕北地区工业废水和生活污水排放量做了预测。分析结果表明：2020年,陕北地区在污染物达标排放的情景下,COD、NH3-N排放总量分别为53 417 t和9 111 t;在推行清洁生产情景下,COD、NH3-N排放总量分别为35 237 t和5 583 t;在部分行业生产污水零排放＋清洁生产的情景下,COD、NH3-N排放总量分别为25407 t和4 377 t。与2007年水污染物排放量相比,在三种设计情景下,延安COD与NH3-N基本实现减排,而榆林地区COD与NH3-N排放量均超过现状排放量。比较来看,陕北地区在部分行业生产污水零排放＋清洁生产的情景下污染物排放量最小,但COD、NH3-N仍较2007年现状排放量增加12%和56%,即陕北地区未来发展中水环境压力很大,应该采取切实可行的措施大幅度降低污染物排放量。     

宋英杰带您体验低碳生活

现在“节能减排”已经成为了大家耳熟能详的口号,“减排”主要是指减少向大气的二氧化碳排放量,低碳生活也越来越受到人们的关注和追捧。那么．今天．你低碳了吗？     

Anthropogenic Direct Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Ozone and Aerosols from 1850 to 2000 Estimated with IPCC AR5 Emissions Inventories

This study estimates direct radiative forcing by tropospheric ozone and all aerosols between the years 1850 and 2000, using the new IPCC AR5 （the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report） emissions inventories and a fully coupled chemistry-aerosol general circulation model. As compared to the previous Global Emissions Inventory Activity （GEIA） data, that have been commonly used for forcing estimates since 1990, the IPCC AR5 emissions inventories report lower anthropogenic emissions of organic carbon and black carbon aerosols and higher sulfur and NOx emissions. The simulated global and annual mean burdens of sulfate, nitrate, black carbon （BC）, primary organic aerosol （POA）, secondary organic aerosol （SOA）, and ozone were 0.79, 0.35, 0.05, 0.49, 0.34, and 269 Tg, respectively, in the year 1850, and 1.90, 0.90, 0.11, 0.71, 0.32, and 377 Tg, respectively, in the year 2000. The estimated annual mean top of the atmosphere （TOA） direct radiative forcing of all anthropogenic aerosols based on the AR5 emissions inventories is -0.60 W m^-2 on a global mean basis from 1850 to 2000. However, this is -2.40 W m-2 when forcing values are averaged over eastern China （18-45°N and 95-125°E）. The value for tropospheric ozone is 0.17 W m^-1 on a global mean basis and 0.24 W m^-2 over eastern China. Forcing values indicate that the climatic effect of aerosols over eastern China is much more significant than the globally averaged effect.     

Contribution from normal and starburst galaxies to the extragalactic gamma-ray background （EGRB）

The extragalactic diffuse emission at γ-ray energies has interesting cosmo-logical implications since these photons suffer little or no attenuation during their prop-agation from the site of origin. The emission could originate from either truly diffuse processes or from unresolved point sources such as AGNs, normal galaxies and starburst galaxies. Here, we examine the unresolved point source origin of the extragalactic γ-ray background emission from normal galaxies and starburst galaxies. γ-ray emission from normal galaxies is primarily coming from cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar mat-ter and radiation (～90%) along with a small contribution from discrete point sources (～10%). Starburst galaxies are expected to have enhanced supernovae activity which leads to higher cosmic-ray densities, making starburst galaxies sufficiently luminous at γ-ray energies to be detected by the current γ-ray mission (Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope).     

全球变暖进程无法阻止?

犹他大学物理学家提姆·加雷特在最近发表的一份研究报告中指出,温室气体二氧化碳的排放量不可能稳定下来,除非世界经济崩溃或每天建造一座核电站。他在研究中,把全球变暖作为一个物理问题来对待,所得到的结论很可能会引发争议。这项研究受到了经济学家的严厉批评,在《气候变化》杂志接受前曾被多家期刊拒绝。     

那些失败的低碳宣传

低碳生活方式可以作为人们所期待的生活来宣传,宣传应该引导人们明白,低碳生活方式是社会主流生活方式的发展趋势和有先见之明的投资方向,人们甚至不用关注二氧化碳排放量和亲手拯救地球就能轻松选择这种生活。     

Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.     

发展低碳区域 开启生态时代

随着世界工业经济的发展、人口的剧增、人类欲望的无限上升和生产生活方式的无节制,二氧化碳排放量愈来愈大,地球臭氧层正遭受前所未有的危机。气温升高、冰川融化、     

2013年全球碳排放量创新高

丁铎尔气候变化研究中心年度报告发布,2013年全球碳排放量将创新高。全球碳计划的新数据显示,全球化石燃料燃烧产生的二氧化碳排放量在2013年将达到创纪录的360亿吨,美国仍是人均排放量第一。