近40年天山冰川变化的遥感监测

Both marginal fluctuation and areal change were used to detect the accurate dynamics of glacier change in the study area using Landsat MSS, ETM, SPOT HRV and topographic maps based on GIS. From 1963 to 1977, four of eight glaciers advanced, two of them retreated and another two kept stable, the glacier advanced generally. From 1977 to 1986, four of eight glaciers retreated and the others kept stable, but the retreated glaciers were those which advanced from 1963 to 1977. From 1986 to 2000, seven of eight glaciers retreated and only one glacier kept stable, the retreating velocity was 10-15 m/a. Glacier recession in this period became very fast and universal. From 1963 to 2000, the area of glaciers decreased from 5479.0 ha to 4795.4 ha, up to 12.5%. It is alarming that most of glacier retreats happened from 1986 to 2000. This was very consistent with change process of summer mean temperature in this region and global warming beginning in the 1980s.     

北天山流动重力测网场源分辨能力

利用球面六面体单元网络模型建立不同分辨率的重力异常扰动模型检测板,基于北天山地区实际地表流动重力测点分布,进行设定场源异常体的等效源反演恢复,进而评估北天山流动重力测网场源分辨能力。结果表明,在假设地下10 km处存在密度差为±1×10^-3 g/cm³的场源异常体情况下,北天山重力测网具备0.75°×0.75°及以上场源异常体识别能力;测网中大部分地区具备0.5°×0.5°场源异常体识别能力;测点分布较密集的少部分地区具备0.25°×0.25°场源异常体识别能力。最后,综合考虑北天山测网现有网形、地形、交通条件等因素,给出测网最佳优化方案。     

Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan＇s Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework, this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan＇s walnut-fruit forests over the last century The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side, their interests and demands, and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management - and even the recognition of different forest products as resources - are connected with political and socioeconomic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique, characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products; and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule, when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era, a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly, which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions, but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present, the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate, which has resulted in the forests＇ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization, increased communication and transregional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today, walnut wood and burls, walnuts, wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless, it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors - the present transformation and globalization processes, the appearance of new actors, the local population＇s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions - are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests, resulting in their degradation.     

新疆水循环变化机理与水资源调蓄

干旱区水资源紧缺,研究气候变化与人类活动双重营力作用下水循环变化机理,制定合理有效的调蓄对策,是应对全球变化的重要任务。新疆作为全球极端干旱区之一,近期水循环发生了显著变化。作为中国最西端及中亚地区的水资源发源地,天山发挥了中亚水塔的作用,其周边干旱区广泛分布,人类生存与生态系统受水资源变化影响十分强烈。近十年来,笔者在天山山区及其周边的塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地等地开展了大气-地表-地下的多尺度水循环研究。本文从降水形成条件、地表水变化、地下水对地表水变化的响应等不同视角对水循环进行系统分析,探讨在气候变化与人类活动影响下水循环发生变化的机理及其水资源效应。在此基础上,提出干旱区水资源的调蓄途径。研究表明,青藏高原和天山隆升在新疆产生雨影效应,新疆大气降水的水气来源以西风带水气为主,本地再循环水气在降水构成中仅占8%,区域造雨能力低下。双重因素长期作用导致新疆地区干旱化。天山山区与盆地相比,更有利于形成降水,加上冰雪储备丰厚,因此在区域水循环中占主导地位。在气候变化的影响下,气温升高、降水增加、冰川融化加速、主要河流出山径流平均增加约10%,对于气候变化敏感的一些冰川河,增加可达40% 以上,造成洪水灾害。下游荒漠中的绿洲,基本上没有降水,水循环由地表水主导,河道断流导致地下水位下降,引发生态退化。塔里木河调水,在流域尺度上证明了这一点。天山山前地带的绿洲农业,是区域用水最多的环节,因而,也是调蓄水资源的有利位置。利用山前戈壁带有利的地质结构和快速循环的地下水,地下水库工程符合干旱区水循环基本规律,相对于平原水库具有明显优势。天山南北符合条件的储水构造很多,可调蓄水量可观。这一地表水地下水联合调蓄的模式,将成为干旱区应对环境变化带来的水资源问题的重要途径。     

法库地区大型韧性剪切带特征及成因机制

通过对辽北法库地区构造岩的观察和研究，确定了本区存在一大型推覆韧性剪切带。根据同构造侵入岩的同位素年龄，确定该韧性剪切带形成时期为海西－印支期，这与天山－兴安褶皱系最终形成时间相一致     

基于AHP方法的天山北坡经济带生态环境综合评价

从资源条件、生态条件、生态压力与环境威胁4个方面,选取与生态环境状况密切相关的15个指标,建立生态环境综合评价指标体系,对天山北坡经济带各县市生态环境状况进行了定量研究。研究表明,由于资源禀赋差异与自然生态条件的不同,天山北坡经济带各县市生态环境综合状况存在极大的差异,但总体来看,天山北坡经济带生态环境属一般和良好水平。     

焉耆张骞出使西域在此见到了“海马龙驹”

焉耆回族自治县位于新疆维吾尔自治区中部,天山中段焉耆盆地中央。东南与博湖县毗邻,北与和静县接壤,东北与和硕县相连,南与库尔勒市相望,西南与轮台县为界。焉耆,古为西域焉耆国。清光绪二十四年（1898年）设焉耆府。民国二年（1913年）始设焉耆县。1954年设立焉者回族自治区,1955年改称自治县,隶属于巴音郭楞蒙古自治州。     

天山西部中山带积雪变化趋势与气温和降水的关系——以巩乃斯河谷为例

根据位于巩乃斯河谷的天山积雪雪崩研究站近30年来的年最大雪深、月平均气温、月降水量观测记录，用平均差值法、最小二乘法、自回归滑动平均法检验了天山西部中山带积雪、冷季降水、冷季平均气温的变化趋势，结果表明，天山西部中山带积雪呈增加趋势，近30年来年平均增加1.43%，与青藏高原、南极大陆及格陵兰冰盖表面积雪积累增加相一致。天山西部中山带冷季气温和降水的变化趋势也是增加的，其中冷季降水平年平均增加0．12％，而冷季气温升高了0．8℃，积雪与冷季气温之间存在着弱的负相关关系，而与冷季降水呈显著的正相关关系。积雪的增加主要是因为气候变暖引起的冷季降水的增加对积雪增加的贡献大于由于冷季气温升高而造成积雪减少的贡献的结果。     

鳞毛蕨天山云杉林林冠空隙特征

林冠干扰作为鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott)天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch. etMey.)林动态自维持的重要因素,在整个林分的动态发展过程中发挥着重要作用。通过对西天山国家级自然保护区内1 hm2典型的鳞毛蕨天山云杉纯林中林冠空隙特征及其形成木和边界木结构的研究,结果表明:在西天山国家级自然保护区实验区46林班内的1 hm2临时标准地中,共调查到17个林冠空隙,林冠空隙干扰返回间隔期为763年。扩展空隙面积在20~280 m2之间变化,冠空隙面积在0~180 m2之间变动。大多数林冠空隙形状变异较大,不同程度地偏离圆形,且均在20~100年之间形成,拥有多株形成木,边界木多由近熟木和成熟木组成。     

库车——“红色的山崖”

天山山脉南麓新疆库车县城以北60公里左右的山区,这里的风蚀雅丹地貌完全可以和流水侵蚀的丹霞地貌争奇斗艳。庞大的红色山体群形成于中生代的白垩纪,经亿万年的风剥雨蚀,洪流冲刷,形成纵横交错、层叠有序的垅脊与沟槽,远看如诗如画、仙天琼阁;近瞧若人似物、如梦似幻、惟妙惟肖、神韵万端,令人有鬼斧神工、奇景天成之慨叹。山体呈红色,原海底的岩石由于造山运动而形成的直立单斜岩石组成了层层叠叠的构造足迹,分外壮观,与附近不同色彩的山体错落有致、交相辉映。天山神秘大峡谷、红山石林和国道两侧雅丹地貌是著名