Building damage in Dujiangyan during Wenchuan Earthquake

A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.     

Effect of abutment modeling on the seismic response of bridge structures

Abutment behavior significantly influences the seismic response of certain bridge structures. Specifically in the case of short bridges with relatively stiff superstructures typical of highway overpasses, embankment mobilization and inelastic behavior of the soil material under high shear deformation levels dominate the response of the bridge and its column bents. This paper investigates the sensitivity of bridge seismic response with respect to three different abutment modeling approaches. The abutment modeling approaches are based on three increasing levels of complexity that attempt to capture the critical components and modes of abutment response without the need to generate continuum models of the embankment, approach, and abutment foundations. Six existing reinforced concrete bridge structures, typical of Ordinary Bridges in California, are selected for the analysis. Nonlinear models of the bridges are developed in OpenSees. Three abutment model types of increasing complexity are developed for each bridge, denoted as roller, simplified, and spring abutments. The roller model contains only single-point constraints. The spring model contains discrete representations of backfill, bearing pad, shear key, and back wall behavior. The simplified model is a compromise between the efficient roller model and the comprehensive spring model. Modal, pushover, and nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are conducted for the six bridges using the three abutment models for each bridge. Comparisons of the analysis results show major differences in mode shapes and periods, ultimate base shear strength, as well as peak displacements of the column top obtained due to dynamic excitation. The adequacy of the three abutment models used in the study to realistically represent all major resistance mechanisms and components of the abutments, including an accurate estimation of their mass, stiffness, and nonlinear hysteretic behavior, is evaluated. Recommendations for abutment modeling are made.     

Trust-region based instantaneous optimal semi-active control of long-span spatially extended structures with MRF-04K damper

In the field of civil engineering, magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds. In this paper, the MRF damper-based semi-active control system is applied to a long-span spatially extended structure and its feasibility is discussed. Meanwhile, a _trust-region method based instantaneous optimal semi-active control algorithm （TIOC） is proposed to improve the performance of the semi-active control system in a multiple damper situation. The proposed TIOC describes the control process as a bounded constraint optimization problem, in which an optimal semi- active control force vector is solved by the trust-region method in every control step to minimize the structural responses. A numerical example of a railway station roof structure installed with MRF-04K dampers is presented. First, a modified Bouc- Wen model is utilized to describe the behavior of the selected MRF-04K damper. Then, two semi-active control systems, including the well-known clipped-optimal controller and the proposed TIOC controller, are considered. Based on the characteristics of the long-span spatially extended structure, the performance of the control system is evaluated under uniform earthquake excitation and travelling-wave excitation with different apparent velocities. The simulation results indicate that the MR fluid damper-based semi-active control systems have the potential to mitigate the responses of full-scale long-span spatially extended structures under earthquake hazards. The superiority of the proposed TIOC controller is demonstrated by comparing its control effectiveness with the clipped-optimal controller for several different cases.     

Damage investigation of girder bridges under the Wenchuan earthquake and corresponding seismic design recommendations

An investigation of girder bridges on National Highway 213 and the Doujiangyan-Wenchuan expressway after the Wenchuan earthquake showed that typical types of damage included： span collapses due to unseating at expansion joints; shear key failure; and damage of the expansion joint due to the slide-induced large relative displacement between the bottom of the girder and the top of the laminated-rubber bearing. This slide, however, can actually act as a form of isolation for the substructure, and as a result, the piers and foundation of most of the bridges on state route 213 suffered minor damage. The exception was the Baihua Bridge, which suffered severe damage. Corresponding seismic design recommendations are presented based on this investigation.     

1983～2006年新疆及邻区地震活动的时空格局分析

利用中国地震台网（CSN）地震目录整理了1983年以来发生在新疆及邻区ML≥3．0的浅源地震,并在MapGIS平台下,运用数字地图技术,制作了分震级、分年份、分月份系列地震图谱,分析地震发生的时空特征,表明：新疆及邻区地震呈带状分布,自北往南可分为阿尔泰地震带、天山地震带、西昆仑地震带和阿尔金地震带;各地震带活动水平不同,前3条地震带在2003年出现地震次数最高值,具有近10年的活动周期,阿尔金地震带地震次数最高值出现在1993年,有约5年的活动周期;各地震带带内活动水平也有一定差异,帕米尔地区地震最为频繁;年内地震主要集中在2、5、8、10月4个月份。     

三维地震勘探炮检点可视化快速校准系统研究

针对三维地震资料处理时炮点、检波点位置关系校准工作中存在的效率低、容易出现人为错误情况,提出了三维地震勘探炮检点可视化快速校准系统研究思路和方法,就具体实现技术选型、数据格式、关键技术点进行了介绍。经工程化验证,开发的校准系统实现了可视化的、快速化的炮检点位置校准功能,对于提升工作效率,确保资料处理结果的准确性具有十分重要的意义。     

汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析

汶川大地震造成位于震中附近的都江堰-汶川公路多座隧道严重受损。本文通过现场调研、资料收集与分析,将地震区山岭隧道变形破坏的基本类型概括为洞口边坡崩塌与滑塌、洞门裂损、衬砌及围岩坍塌、衬砌开裂及错位、底板开裂及隆起、初期支护变形及开裂等。分析其影响因素,认为发震断裂的次级断层、基覆界面、洞口不稳定斜坡、高地应力环境下的软弱围岩对隧道强烈震害具有控制作用。以汶川地震给予隧道抗震的启示,建议强震区的山岭隧道应将洞口边坡防护、洞口明洞和洞门结构作为一个系统进行综合设计,在条件允许的情况下尽可能采用削竹式洞门结构;隧道穿越活动断裂带的次级断层时在其两侧一定范围内二次衬砌应采用钢筋混凝土结构;基覆界面、围岩软岩与硬岩之间的过渡地带、围岩质量突变地带等应采用改善围岩力学性质且让其渐变的措施进行处理。     

地震波在热弹性介质中的衰减性质及其相应Q值的计算方法

该文得出热弹性介质中波的基本形式有准弹性纵波、横波和具有有限传播速度的温度波,并指出横波在传播过程中同其在完全弹性介质中一样是不衰减的,而准弹性纵波和温度波是相互伴随的、衰减的。其次,给出了具有两种不同传播速度的准弹性纵波的基本形式。最后,将地震P波看作由初始位移扰动的准弹性纵波,就固定频率和固定波长两种情况分别给出了相应Qr值的计算公式和近似公式。通常人们是利用多台的地震波资料在空间域中计算Qr值,而本文得到的时间域中Qr值的近似公式,为利用单台地震P波资料计算Qr值提供了一种方法。     

基于无人机影像样本的遥感图像分类方法

对于遥感图像计算机自动分类而言,样本选择至关重要,直接影响分类结果精度。为了提升样本选取的质量,本文在实验区卫星影像覆盖范围内选取了几个样本点。对每个样本点利用无人机采集了约0.3 km2的数据,通过后期处理生成正射影像。在正射影像中选取耕地、植被、水体、建筑和道路等几类地物的样本,采用最大似然值法对卫星影像进行相应类别信息提取。实验结果表明：在无人机高分辨率影像上解译的样本作用于卫星遥感影像,并利用最大似然值法进行信息提取,其方法可行,分类精度优于在卫星影像上选择的样本。     

青海东部及邻区强震前地震活动特征参数Wq值的研究

利用1980～2007年以来,青海省东部及邻区（34°～40°N,96°～104°E）ML≥2．3级地震资料进行特征参数耽值的空间扫描。结果表明,在该区域内发生的9次6．0级以上地震中有6次震前7—28个月在震中周围出现叻值异常区,并且大部分地震前的异常区存在异常出现一异常区面积扩大一面积收缩一发震的变化过程,为地震的中短期预报提供了判定依据。