美国地球透镜计划中“地形学和构造学”的进展

1地形学和构造学:阐明岩石圈形变的时空模式 构造地貌学提供了103～106年时间尺度范围的资料,弥补了大地测量和传统地质在时间尺度上的差异,将会为人类对岩石圈变形认识做出重大贡献.地表形貌的数字化表示、地表特征的同位素测年技术、控制整个地表物质运动规律的定量化表示等方法的不断发展,使得过去十年中对地形学的研究发生了巨大变革.同时,沉积学也给地表运动带来了重要的制约因素.地球透镜计划将提供更多新的信息,用于探测地幔、地壳和地表过程之间的耦合.     

Layering-based breakpoint handling in contour line extraction

This paper deals with the automatic connection of contour lines extracted from a scanned brown geographical map. For the variety of topographical elements contained on a map, the factors causing the interruption of contour line are also multiform, which make the connection task very difficult. On the basis of separating those elements always making the contours break and regarding them as referent layers, a layering-based method is presented. The purpose is to take into account property information (like inclination and configuration) of contour lines when they come across other different symbols, such as gully, cliff, dry land and elevation annotation etc. In this paper, the authors propose that it should be far more effective and direct to adopt different algorithmic operators to different factors than using single one operator to all.     

Datum Level and NMO Corrections to Shallow Seismic Reflection Data on Rugged Topography

The application of the seismic reflection method is often limited in complex terrain areas.The problem is the incorrect correction of time-shift caused by topography. To apply normal moveout(NMO) correction to reflection data correctly, static corrections are necessary to be applied in advance for the compensation of the time distortions of topography and the time-delays from near-surface weathered layers. For environment and engineering investigation, weathered layers are our targets so that the static correction mainly serves the adjustment of time-shift due to an undulating surface. In practice,seismic reflected raypaths are assumed to be almost vertical through the near-surface layers because they have much lower velocities than layers below. This assumption is typically acceptable in most cases since it results in little residual error for small elevation changes and small offsets in reflection events. Although static algorithms based on choosing a floating datum related to common midpoint gathers or residual surface-consistent functions are available and effective, errors caused by the assumption of vertical raypaths often generate pseudo indications of structures. This paper presents the comparison of applying corrections based on the vertical raypaths and bias (non-vertical) raypaths. It also provides an approach of combining elevation and NMO corrections. The advantages of the approach are demonstrated by a synthetic example of multi-coverage seismic reflection surveys on rough topography.     

Analysis of Topographic Effects on MT Surveys in Mountainous Areas

The utilization of MT and CEMP methods has been extended from plains to mountainous areas. The rugged topography not only brings about difficulties in field electro-magnetic measurements but also affects data processing, interpretation and results. Analyzed in this paper were the 2D and 3D forward modeling of the fluctuated topography and the real examples to discuss the topographic effects on electric data and the practical methods to avoid these effects.     

The Effect Analysis of Topography on the Spectrum Properties of Anti-Plane Movement

An explicit finite difference method is performed to evaluate the significance of topography effects on the seismic response of viscoelastic sites. The real accelerograms and bell-shape impulse wavelets, slope angle of cliff and angle of incidence on the spectrum property of the incoming waves are all discussed in detail. The conclusions show that the presence of topographic factors and the direction of the incident waves not only significantly affect the peak ground acceleration of a site, but also affect the spectrum properties of the incoming waves, and the effect on the direction of the incident waves is especially remarkable. The study also finds that it is reasonable to analyse spectrum properties with the input of impulse wavelets in the finite element simulation of wave motion.     

Effect of the Bottom Topography on Tsunami Propagation in the East （Japan） Sea

A study of tsunami events in the East （Japan） Sea using continuous Galerkin finite element model, aiming at reproducing tsunami waves generated by underwater earthquakes in 1983 and 1993 respectively has been performed focusing on the geographic extent of a topographic feature in the East （Japan） Sea. Numerical models can be the proper tools to study the combined effects of realistic topography. Subsequently, using the FEM based two-dimensional model we have simulated the smoothed and flattened topographic effects by removal of Yamato Rise and seamounts for the cases of tthe 1983 Central region earthquake tsunami and the 1993 southwestern Hokkaido earthquake tsunami. The results have shown that there will be higher tsunamis along the eastern coasts of Korea in general except some areas, like Sokcho with removal of topographic highs, thus providing complicated bottom topography of the East （Japan） Sea as effective tsunami energy scattering.     

Topographic features around Zhongshan Station,southeast of Prydz Bay

Considering the complex topographic features of the southeast of Prydz Bay where China＇s Zhongshan Station is located, three types of geomorphologic units can be identified, i.e., submarine slopes, canyons, and terrains. The major topographic features in the study area are the submarine canyon and trough system outside the calving ice front of Dalk Glacier. A 3.8 km × 80 m fissure is found on the submarine terrain at Zhongshan Anchorage, which, once triggered by geological hazards such as earthquakes and ice falls, would be a threat to the usage and maintenance of the anchorage.     

The Pleistocene Glaciation in the KarakoramMountains： Reconstruction of Past Glacier Extensions and Ice Thicknesses

Geomorphological and Quaternarygeological field- and laboratory data (Fig.1) are introduced and interpreted with regard to the maximum Ice Age (LGM) glaciation of the Central and South Karakoram in the Braldu-, Basna-, Shigar and Indus valley system as well as on the Deosai plateau between the Skardu Basin and the Astor valley (Fig.2). These data result from two research expeditions in the years 1997 and 2000. They show that between c. 6o and 2o Ka the Central Karakorum and its south slope were covered by a continuous c. 125000 km^2 sized ice stream network. This ice stream network flowed together to a joint parent glacier, the Indus glacier. The tongue end of the Indus glacier reached down to 850 ～ 800m a.s.l. In its centre the surface of this Indus ice stream network reached a height of a good 6ooo m. Its most important ice thicknesses amounted to c. 2400 ～ 2900 m.