基于遥感反照率的青藏高原冰川年际物质平衡估算研究EI北大核心CSCD

冰川反照率指冰川表面反射辐射能量与入射辐射能量的比值,是连接冰川表面能量平衡与物质平衡的纽带,可作为冰川表面物质平衡变化的指示因子。目前,采用冰川反照率估算年际物质平衡的反照率法,已经在阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山脉和青藏高原内陆等冰川上都取得了显著成果,该方法数据获取简便、时空分辨率高,能用于某条冰川物质平衡的估算,也可用于大中尺度的冰川研究。     

世界之渊——神秘的海沟

人类的足迹几乎遍布了地球的每个角落。从白雪皑皑、耸入云天的喜马拉雅山脉,到植被蔽日、虫蛇密布的亚马逊雨林;从冰雪覆盖、人迹罕至的南极洲大陆,到赤日炎炎、寸草难生的撒哈拉沙漠,甚至远在天外的月球也早已经印下了人类的足迹。但是,人类所无法涉足的地方也依然存在,这些地方的神秘     

Improvement of glacial lakes detection under shadow environment using ASTER data in Himalayas, Nepal

The detection of glacial lake change in the Himalayas, Nepal is extremely significant since the glacial lake change is one of the crucial indicators of global climate change in this area, where is the most sensitive area of the global climate changes. In the Himalayas, some of glacial lakes are covered by the dark mountains′ shadow because of their location. Therefore, these lakes can not be detected by conventional method such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), because the reflectance feature of shadowed glacial lake is different comparing to the ones which are located in the open flat area. The shadow causes two major problems: 1) glacial lakes which are covered by shadow completely result in underestimation of the number of glacial lakes; 2) glacial lakes which are partly identified are considered to undervalue the area of glacial lakes. The aim of this study is to develop a new model, named Detection of Shadowed Glacial Lakes (DSGL) model, to identify glacial lakes under the shadow environment by using Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data in the Himalayas, Nepal. The DSGL model is based on integration of two different modifications of NDWI, namely NDWIs model and NDWI she model. NDWIs is defined as integration of the NDWI and slope analysis and used for detecting non-shadowed lake in the mountain area. The NDWIshe is proposed as a new methodology to overcome the weakness of NDWIs on identifying shadowed lakes in highly elevated mountainous area such as the Himalayas. The first step of the NDWIshe is to enhance the data from ASTER 1B using the histogram equalization (HE) method, and its outcome product is named ASTER he . We used the ASTER he for calculating the NDWI he and the NDWIshe . Integrated with terrain analysis using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, the NDWI she can be used to identify the shadowed glacial lakes in the Himalayas. NDWIs value of 0.41 is used to identify the glacier lake (NDWIs≥0.41), and 0.3 of NDWIshe is used to identify the shadowed glacier lake (NDWIshe≤0.3). The DSGL model was proved to be able to classify the glacial lakes more accurately, while the NDWI model had tendency to underestimate the presence of actual glacial lakes. Correct classification rate regarding the products from NDWI model and DSGL model were 57% and 99%, respectively. The results of this paper demonstrated that the DSGL model is promising to detect glacial lakes in the shadowed environment at high mountains.     

NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料在珠穆朗玛峰 -念青唐古拉山脉气象研究中的可信性

由于珠穆朗玛峰- 念青唐古拉山脉极高山区特殊的自然环境, 这一带的气象观测资料极其匮乏。2003 年在青藏高原南部念青唐古拉山脉(30^o24'44.3"N, 90^o34'13.1"E, 5850 m a.s. l.) 建立了自动气象站; 2005 年在珠穆朗玛峰北坡垭口(28^o01'0.95"N, 86^o57'48.4"E, 6523 m a.s.l.) 建立了自动气象站。利用这两自动气象站的观测资料与NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料进行对比, 检验NCEP/NCAR 再分析数据在喜马拉雅山脉-青藏高原南部一带的可行性。研究结果表明, NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料能够较好地反映气压和气温的天气尺度的变化。但是, 再分析的气压和气温值系统性低于相应观测值, 而且, 某种程度上, 低估了实际的变化幅度; 再分析天气事件, 在珠穆朗玛峰地区, 超前于实际观测一日发生, 而在念青唐古拉地区, 基本上是与观测事件同一日发生。由于受相似大气环流的影响, 珠峰和念青两者之间的观测资料、再分析资料都高度相关。     

Monitoring glacier and supra-glacier lakes from space in Mt. Qomolangma region of the Himalayas on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System （GIS） techniques, the paper presents the results of a multitemporal satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 （or o.75 km^2 yr^-1 during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km^2 （or 0.36 km^2 yr^-1 during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km^2 （or 0.12 km^2 yr^-1） during 1992-2ooo. 1.14 km^2 （or 0.22 km^2 yr^-1 during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km^2 （or 0.07 km^2 yr^-1 during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km^2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km^2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.     

2005珠穆朗玛峰高程测量

珠穆朗玛峰（简称珠峰）是世界最高峰，作为世界群山之首，屹立在欧亚板块和印度板块碰撞造就的喜马拉雅山脉群峰之中，地壳板块运动，全球温室效应等因素就会引起珠峰地区环境的变化，喜马拉雅地区一直是国际地学研究的热点地区之一，珠峰高程测量一直为世人瞩目。     

浅谈南亚季风与东亚季风的几点不同

一、季风的强度不同 南亚北面有一系列山地,如兴都库什山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉和喜马拉雅山脉等使之与中亚及我国青藏高原相分开,亚洲大陆的冬季风很难进入印度境内,在凉季（10月至次年3月）这里没有类似东亚的寒潮这样的强冷空气的入侵,所以印度凉季的月平均气温要比我国东部同纬度地区暖和得多,例如印度的新德里和迪布鲁加尔1月平均气温较同纬度的长沙和福州分别高出几度到十几度。正     

喜马拉雅山脉中部地区的地壳构造及其地质意义的探讨

利用压缩质面法反演重力资料,得到了喜马拉雅山脉中部地区的莫霍界面、康腊界面及花岗岩Ⅰ层底部界面的等深线图。从这些图可以看出,在喜马拉雅山区,上述各个地壳界面剧烈变化,喜马拉雅山正处于向北逐渐加深的斜坡上,地壳还缺乏“山根”,因而这个地区的地壳还未达到均衡。但藏南的楚中、查当至戛隆公巴一线以北地区,地壳已处于均衡状态。喜马拉雅山区目前还在逐步上升,说明有比均衡调整力更为强大的板块构造运动力存在。由地震机制的压力轴近于由南向北,以及一系列逆断层性质的大断裂,说明存在印度板块向北运动与亚洲板块互相挤压碰撞。由喜马拉雅山地区浅源地震震中呈带状分布及深部地壳构造特征得出,莫霍界面的急剧变化、地壳未达到均衡是容易发生大地震的深部构造环境。     

喜马拉雅山脉东段空布岗峰东麓的第四纪冰川作用序列及其初步的年代学约束

野外调查表明, 喜马拉雅山脉东段的空布岗峰东麓晚第四纪期间至少发育了4套冰碛物. 初步的U系和热释光(TL)测年结果表明, 该区最早的冰川作用出现在MIS6(深海氧同位素阶段)之前, 并可能是该区规模最大的一次冰川作用过程. 最近一次显著的冰川作用出现在倒数第二次冰期, 其时代约为160.9～109.0 ka BP或略早, 大致对应MIS6, 其中至少包含了两个阶段. 最近的两次冰川作用分别发生于末次冰期和全新世期间, 其中包含了多个次一级的冰川波动.     

印度Himachal Pradesh的Satluj流域横跨喜马拉雅山脉的堰塞湖泄洪产生的影响

堰塞湖泄洪（LLOF）现象在喜马拉雅山流域很常见,这是由于滑坡作用形成的湖泊溃决所致。根据绘制的Satluj和Spiti河沿岸的活动滑坡和古滑坡图,发现第四纪时期一些河流被围堵而且在某些位置还发生了决堤。本文记载了2000年和2005年期间,横跨喜马拉雅山脉的Satluj和Paree Chu河沿岸的堰塞湖溃决引发的LLOF。Satiuj和Paree Chu河都流经中国西藏地区,对印度Himachal Pradesh的Kinnaur区的河道和基础设施均有影响。结果表明,这些LLOF造成的生命和财产损失与第四纪物质的处理以及与该区域内观察到的不同地貌带有直接关系。