基于3D真实植被场景的全波段辐射传输模型研究

本文基于3D真实场景CLAMP模型模拟的植被冠层，对冠层在可见一近红外波段和热红外波段的辐射传输进行了综合建模。针对CLAMP模型生成场景的通用和近似特征，在可见一近红外波段，对植被和土壤的单次散射贡献利用光子逆向追踪算法进行了精确计算，多次散射的贡献则采用四流近似理论来计算，以提高运算效率。模型结果与SAILH模型结果进行了比较，具有较好的一致性，并且体现出了优于一维辐射传输模型的模拟结果。在热红外波段，采用几何光学原理，冠层方向亮度温度由可视光照叶片、遮荫叶片、光照土壤和遮荫土壤的比例与对应组分亮温乘积之和得到，模拟结果体现了合理的变化趋势。对冠层主要结构参数LAI和ALA的敏感性进行了比较分析，不同波段模型模拟的方向性辐射结果，很好地反映了结构参数对冠层辐射特性的影响。     

Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for measuring soil heavy metal content as a quick method

Conventional methods for investigating soil heavy metal contamination based on raster sampling and chemical analysis are time consuming and relatively expensive. Reflectance spectroscopy within the visible-near-infrared （VNIR） region is known for being rapid, convenient, and accurate. Due to low abundance, heavy metals in soils cannot exhibit their inherently spectral features. The objective of this study were （1） to examine the possibility of reflectance spectra as a rapid method to assess Ni, Cr, Cu, Hg, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd in soils, and （2） to explore the mechanism by which to predict spectrally featureless heavy metals. Two research areas located in the south （120 samples） and north （61 samples） of Nanjing City were researched. Reflectance spectra of the samples were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 900 spectrophotometer. Partial least-square regression （PLSR） approach was used to develop calibration equations between the spectral data and measured values for heavy metals. The prediction results of the two areas were consistent. Except for Cd all the other elements could be successfully predicted using the reflectance spectra. The prediction accuracy for Ni, Cr, and Cu was highest, while that for Hg and Cd was lowest. In order to further explore the physicochemical mechanism behind the relations between reflectance spectra and heavy metals, one more principal component analysis （PCA） was done for nine elements （eight heavy metals and Fe）. The results of PCA for the both areas were also consistent. Loading plot of factors 1 and 2 from the results of PCA showed that Ni, Cr and Cu, the prediction accuracy of which was highest, were clustered together with Fe. For the other elements that were less correlated with Fe, their prediction accuracy was also lower than that of the three elements. Fe is spectrally active and can exhibit its absorption features. Therefore, the inter-correlation between heavy metals and spectrally active total Fe is the major mechanism by which to predict spectrally featureless trace metals. This study for the two areas showed the potential of reflectance spectra to predict microelements in soils.     

Assessment of cadmium contamination in the sediments of Changjiang （Yangtze） River by reflectance spectroscopy

The Takab area in NW of Iran is an important gold mineralized region with a long history of gold mining. In this study ASTER data is used to evaluate environmental effects of gold mining. The results show that mining activities have resulted in release of potentially toxic metals （PTMs） in the area. Principal component analysis （PCA） of ASTER data is used to map sources of PTMs and their secondary hosts （iron oxides） through alteration mapping. The results show that selective PCA is a robust yet time consuming technique for alteration mapping. A color composite is created for finding common hydrothermally altered rocks. The created color composite successfully mapped the known deposits and anomalous areas identified by geological survey of Iran. Because of the low spatial resolution of ASTER sensor, the iron oxide mapping is restricted to the wider portions of the streams. Spectral analyses confirm the presence of hematite and goethite in stream sediments. This is in accordance with measured pH values.     

南海东沙海域天然气水合物地震数据多次压制及速度特征

多次波衰减是海洋地震数据处理中的一个关键问题.东沙海域多次波极其发育,由于地形的急剧变化和地质条件的影响,多次波变形严重(不符合双曲线规律).采用常规的处理方法效果并不明显,并可能造成成果剖面上出现明显的多次压制痕迹,很难达到保幅处理.针对此区多次波的特点,提出一种频率分离的方法将数据分离后再进行不同处理,可以很好地解决多次波的压制并突出有效波;在没有有效反射的位置,剖面的背景噪音也更符合视觉习惯;更重要的是,处理中没有频率损失,处理结果更和谐.另外,叠前偏移处理技术的运用可以使含水合物地层的接触关系、反射特征更清楚.叠前时间偏移所建立的速度模型也能够表现含水合物地层、BSR与含游离气层的相对速度关系.     

泉州盆地及其邻区地壳深部结构的探测与研究

泉州盆地及其邻区地处我国大陆东南沿海地震带北段。通过对泉州盆地进行深地震反射探测，获得了该地区近地表至Moho面的精细几何结构及其深浅构造关系图像。这是该区第一条深地震反射探测剖面。分析结果表明，泉州盆地及其邻区地壳厚度变化在29．5～31．0km，由上地壳和下地壳组成。上地壳和下地壳又可以各分为2层。泉州盆地及其邻区近地表至浅部断裂发育，这些断裂向地壳深部最大延伸深度为6-12km，断裂的倾角随深度增加而逐渐变小，呈铲形正断层终止于上地壳上部反射界面C1，以上。在永安-晋江断裂带之下的上地壳下部和下地壳中，存在着切割上、下地壳分界面和Moho面的高倾角深断裂，尽管深浅部断裂构造不相连接，但由于深部存在深断裂，具有发生中强以上地震的深部构造环境。这一深地震反射探测成果的获得，使得泉州盆地及其邻区深部资料解释的可靠性和探测精度比以往显著提高；深浅部构造组合取得了统一的解释结果；地壳的分层和结构特征更为确切和精细；首次发现了上地壳的拉张性构造及铲式正断层组合特征。不仅有助于泉州及其邻区地震危险性的综合判定，而且对深化东南沿海地震带及台湾海峡深部动力学过程的认识具有重要意义。     

探测城市断裂活动性的浅层地震方法技术

用地震方法探测城市直下型活动断裂是一种不可替代的勘探技术,对于不同的探测深度需采用不同的排列长度。试验研究结果表明,小道间距接收不但有助于准确确定断裂的空间位置,而且也有助于确定基岩断裂上断点的埋深,即采用小道间距接收,有利于综合提高地震记录的纵横向分辨率。结合北京夏垫活断裂的浅层反射地震探测结果,讨论了采用浅层反射地震技术探测城市活断层应注意的一些问题。     

Suppressing random noise to broaden the useful bandwidth of seismic reflection data

The signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of seismic reflection data in many areas is rather poor and conventional two-dimensional filters designed to suppress noise with different moveout from the signal tend to generate artifacts. We have extended a method of multichannel filtering, based on the hypothesis that signals on adjacent channels are similar, for enhancing the SNR on stacked sections. Using only the mid-range frequencies where the SNR is highest, the event trend is found for overlapping windows on the section and the average signal vector is calculated. Then the data from the full bandwidth section are projected onto the spatially varying unit similarity vectors and the results are merged for the overlapping windows. Application of the method to synthetic data containing steeply dipping events and to a stacked section for a marine 2D line has produced good results. The modifications we have introduced carry a small overhead in computing time but they should enable the method to be used effectively even on sections containing steep dips.     

不透明矿物的反射光谱鉴定

Reflection spectrum of mineral is a curve of the reflectance of the mineral against the wave-lengths of reflected light. It reflects the variation of reflectanee with changing wave-length and provides some useful information on other optical properties of the mineral under linear polarized light such as eolour, bineflection, reflection pleochroism, etc.Each mineral is characterized by its unique reflection spectrum. A set of nine reflection speetrum diagrams are compiled by the author for more than 200 common minerals.Reflection spectrum is markedly lines of different patterns for minerals with isotropism,bireflestion, reflection plcoehroism and the overlapping of Rg and Rp. Only one spectrum is given for each mineral and only Rg spectrum is presented for anisotropic minerals. These diagrams afford a practical means of opaque mineral determination on the basis of reflective property of minerals.     

一个新的双向反射地表-大气辐射耦合模式

一个精确而又适用的双向反射地表-大气辐射耦合模式对空间遥感应用是非常重要的. 基于太阳辐射与地表和大气相互作用的物理过程, 发展了一个新的双向反射地表-大气辐射耦合模式. 如数值试验所表明的, 本模式的精度明显优于6S的双向反射地表-大气辐射耦合模式. 由本模式计算的总共110112组亮度样本的标准差只有0.49%, 只为6S标准差的1/4左右. 在太阳天顶角小于75symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 10皚和视天顶角小于60°条件下, 本模式的误差一般小于2.5%.     

浅述植被双向反射模型

探讨了植被双向反射函数的基本概念和物理意义,并对现有的几种植被双向反射模型,几何光学模型,混浊介质模型,混合模型及计算机模拟模型的理论作简要的论述,并比较各类模型的特点。