看美国如何摘取“夏威夷熟梨”

19世纪80年代,美国、英国和新兴的德国就萨摩亚群岛展开了激烈的争夺,美国最终获得了萨摩亚群岛的帕果帕果港,从而在南太平洋获得了立足之地.购买阿拉斯加让美国的国土延伸至北太平洋和北冰洋海域,从地缘分布来看,美国在太平洋的南北两端都得以立足,为了有效地控制太平洋就必须获得一个沟通南北两端的内线据点.毫无疑问,夏威夷群岛是...     

不断的需求,不断的溢油

[实际上,从海上石油钻井平台产生之日起,人们对这种壮观的技术奇迹就存在着深深的质疑]海上石油钻井平台是20世纪末的技术奇迹.20世纪80年代,海上石油、天然气的勘探和开采总投资巴达7500亿美元,海上石油开采总量己超过同期世界石油总开采量的三分之一.重要的是海上石油开采比陆上石油开采更经济,可为人们提供更廉价的石油.     

2010年度美国《期刊引证报告》(JCR)的中国地理期刊数据

2011年6月28日,美国科技信息研究所(ISI)公布了2010年度的期刊引证报告(JCR),该报告共收录全球期刊8005种。其中包括中国大陆期刊131种。JCR公布的数据显示:随着中国地理科学研究事业的不断发展,中国地理期刊的学术质量和国际影响力在逐步提高,被科学引文索引(SCI)收录的中国地理学及其相关学科期刊的引文指标都有了不同程度的提高。     

晚古生代泛大陆聚合过程中板块碰撞的运动学分析

本文基于古板块再造方法,通过收集和筛选全球晚古生代古地磁数据,恢复再造泛大陆的构造格局及其聚合过程。晚古生代,全球板块的运动轨迹表明,全球板块整体以顺时针旋转的方式运动,聚合形成泛大陆。通过分析单个板块的运动学特征以及不同板块间的相对运动,表明在泛大陆聚合过程中,至少出现四种碰撞方式：① 追尾式碰撞：不同板块在同向运动过程中,板块运动速度存在差异,如前方板块速度慢于后方板块,则会造成其间洋盆逐渐收敛—关闭,如莱茵洋（海西造山带）、索伦洋（索伦山造山带）等。 ② 侧向式碰撞：两个板块运动轨迹大角度交叉,发生侧向碰撞,如波罗的板块向北运动过程中与向东北运动的西伯利亚板块碰撞,造成乌拉尔洋盆闭合,形成狭长的造山带。③ 错车式碰撞：两个板块,同向或者相向交错运动,在其侧翼发生走滑—斜向式聚合。如塔里木和华北板块转动方向相反,在侧翼斜向对接,以洋盆属性不明和走滑断层系发育为特征。④ 拥堵式碰撞：多个大板块之间汇聚区域的小陆块和地体发生多边汇聚,广泛出现岛弧增生和残余洋盆,如中亚造山带。     

化学地球动力学研究进展

化学地球动力学是地球化学与地球动力学之间的交叉学科,是20世纪末期地幔地球化学研究的热点和前沿。随着人们对板片-地幔相互作用机制及其地球化学效应的认识,化学地球动力学研究已经从地幔不均一性本身拓展到具体俯冲板片对地幔成分的影响。这个拓展为我们认识地球内部的运作机制、俯冲带壳幔相互作用和地幔不均一性的尺度等重要科学问题做出了重大贡献。本文系统回顾了大洋玄武岩成因与地壳物质再循环、大洋玄武岩源区的岩石学性质、板块俯冲与大洋玄武岩成因、大陆镁铁质超镁铁质岩成因和板片-地幔相互作用以及花岗岩成因与大陆动力学等方面的突出进展,对化学地球动力学领域存在的重要科学问题和今后的研究方向也提出了建议。     

扬子陆块西缘古元古代基性侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素及其地质意义

扬子陆块西缘康滇南北向构造带内发育大量古元古代基性岩脉(墙),它们对于认识扬子陆块早期的构造演化具有重要意义.对四川会理地区侵入到元古界通安组内的辉长岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Th-Pb同位素测定,获得的207pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为1694Ma±16Ma(MSWD=0.9),代表了该辉长岩的形成和侵位时代,这一结果指示会理地区通安组应为古元古代地层.辉长岩全岩地球化学具有类似于N-MORB的特征.辉长岩锆石初始(176H f/177Hf)i值为0.281881～0.281982,对应的εHf(t)为6.2～9.8,单阶段亏损地幔Hf模式年龄tDM1为1738～1883Ma,平均值为1803Ma.这些数据表明古元古代辉长岩来源于亏损地幔,指示古元古代晚期扬子西缘之下存在亏损地幔.结合扬子西缘大量古老的碎屑锆石,推测扬子陆块西缘存在太古宙—古元古代的结晶基底.与扬子陆块西缘古元古代晚期基性侵入岩形成有关的幔源岩浆事件明显晚于扬子陆块古元古代碰撞造山及造山后的伸展作用,记录了扬子陆块古元古代晚期一次伸展过程,可能是Columbia超大陆裂解作用在扬子陆块的响应.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001223

The Paleogene succession of the Himalayan foreland basin is immensely important as it preserves evidence of India-Asia collision and related records of the Himalayan orogenesis. In this paper, the depositional regime of the Paleogene succession of the Himalayan foreland basin and variations in composition of the hinterland at different stages of the basin developments are presented. The Paleogene succession of the western Himalayan foreland basin developed in two stages, i.e. syn-collisional stage and post-collisional stage. At the onset, chert breccia containing fragments derived from the hanging walls of faults and reworked bauxite developed as a result of erosion of the forebulge. The overlying early Eocene succession possibly deposited in a coastal system, where carbonates represent barriers and shales represent lagoons. Up-section, the middle Eocene marl beds likely deposited on a tidal flat. The late Eocene/Oligocene basal Murree beds, containing tidal bundles, indicate that a mixed or semi-diurnal tidal system deposited the sediments and the sedimentation took place in a tide-dominated estuary. In the higher-up, the succession likely deposited in a river-dominated estuary or in meandering rivers. In the beginning of the basin evolution, the sediments were derived from the Precambrian basement or from the metasediments/volcanic rocks possessing terrains of the south. The early and middle Eocene (54.7–41.3 Ma) succession of the embryonic foreland possibly developed from the sediments derived from the Trans-Himalayan schists and phyllites and Indus ophiolite of the north during syn-collisional stage. The detrital minerals especially the lithic fragments and the heavy minerals suggest the provenance for the late Eocene/Oligocene sequences to be from the recycled orogenic belt of the Higher Himalaya, Tethyan Himalaya and the Indus-suture zone from the north during post-collisional stage. This is also supported by the paleocurrent measurements those suggest main flows directed towards southeast, south and east with minor variations. This implies that the river system stabilized later than 41 Ma and the Higher Himalaya attained sufficient height around this time. The chemical composition of the sandstones and mudstones occurring in the early foreland basin sequences are intermediate between the active and passive continental margins and/or same as the passive continental margins. The sedimentary succession of this basin has sustained a temperature of about 200 °C and undergone a burial depth of about 6 km.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000066

<正>The evolution of the earth is marked by development of more than 70%of the present day continents during Archean.The Archean-Proterozoic boundary is characterized by continental amalgamation, and subsequent breaking and development of worldwide glaciations. The Paleoproterozoic time is characterized by change in atmospheric oxygen and intense biogenic activity during the early part,and amalgamation of the continents to form the supercontinent "Columbia",     

河南省新县姚冲钼矿床流体包裹体研究

河南省新县姚冲钼矿床产于大别造山带,属于陆-陆碰撞体制的斑岩型矿床,其流体成矿过程可以分为早、中、晚三个阶段,分别以石英+钾长石±黄铁矿±磁铁矿、石英±钾长石+辉钼矿±其他硫化物和石英±碳酸盐±萤石组合为标志.热液石英和萤石中发育纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、CO2-H2O型包裹体(C型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子晶多相包裹体(S型).早阶段石英中发育纯CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O型包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,中阶段的石英则发育CO2-H2O型包裹体、水溶液包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,在晚阶段的无矿石英脉中发育水溶液包裹体和少量的CO2-H2O型包裹体,石英-碳酸盐-(萤石)脉石英与萤石中只发育水溶液包裹体.早阶段流体包裹体的均一温度为277～ 380℃,集中于300～ 360℃,盐度变化于3.0％～10.3％ NaCleqv之间.中阶段包裹体均一温度介于185 ～ 351℃之间,集中在260～ 320℃,盐度介于2.4％ ～9.3％NaCleqv;晚阶段包裹体均一温度为139 ～245℃,盐度介于0.7％ ～6.3％ NaCleqv之间.中阶段多相包裹体中常见黄铜矿和其他透明子矿物,表明流体具有还原性、过饱和的特征,是矿石矿物沉淀的主要阶段.估算早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别集中于47 ～ 131MPa和26 ～118MPa,所对应的成矿深度分别约为4.7km和2.6～4.2km.上述流体包裹体的研究表明姚冲钼矿床的初始成矿流体具有高温、高盐度、富CO2的特征,同时预测了深部找矿潜能.