The Impact of Mid- and High-Latitude Rossby Wave Activities on the Medium-Range Evolution of the EAP Pattern During the Pre-Rainy Period of South China

Based on the NCEP DOE AMIP II daily reanalysis data (1979–2005), the evolution of the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) teleconnection pattern during the pre-rainy period of South China is studied on the medium-range time scale. It is found that positive and negative EAP patterns share a similar generation process. In the middle and upper troposphere, Rossby wave packets emanating from the northeast Atlantic or Europe prop-agate toward East Asia along the Eurasian continent waveguide and finally give rise to the three anomaly centers of the EAP pattern over East Asia. Among the three anomaly centers, the western Pacific subtropical center appears the latest. Rossby wave packets propagate from the high latitude anomaly center toward the mid-latitude and the subtropical ones. The enhancement and maintenance of the subtropical anomaly center is closely associated with the subtropical jet waveguide and the incoming Rossby wave packets from the upstream. In the lower troposphere, Rossby wave packets emanate from the subtropical Asia toward East Asia. Positive and negative EAP patterns could not be regarded as "mirrors" to each other with simply reversed phase. For the positive pattern, the positive height anomaly center around the Scandinavia Peninsula keeps its strength and position during the mature period, and the Rossby wave packets thus propagate persistently toward East Asia, facilitating a longer mature time of the positive pattern. As for the formation of the negative EAP pattern, however, the incoming Rossby wave energy from the upstream contributes to both the enhancement and southeastward movement of the negative anomaly belt from the Yenisei River to the Bering Strait and the positive anomaly center around Mongolia. At the peak time, the two anomlous circulations are evolved into the Northeast Asia and the mid-latitude anomaly centers of the negative pat- tern, respectively. The energy dispersion of Rossby wave packets is relatively fast due to the predominant zonal circulation in the extratropics, causing a shorter mature period of the negative pattern. During the pre-rainy period of South China, the prevalence of the EAP pattern significantly affects the rainfall over the region south of the Yangtze River. The positive (negative) EAP pattern tends to cause positive (negative) precipitation anomalies in that region. This is different from the earlier research findings based on monthly mean data.     

p-σ九层C型跳点网格区域气候模式及其模拟性能检验

通过构建C网格的p-σ九层区域气候模式的差分方案,将C型跳点网格引入p-σ九层区域气候模式.通过对东亚地区1月和7月气候平均场及2003年夏季降水进行数值模拟,检验了C型跳点网格对p-σ九层区域气候模式模拟性能的影响.数值试验结果表明,C型跳点网格的p-σ九层区域气候模式对东亚区域气候的模拟能力有一定的提高,其中包括对流层低层风场和气温场的模拟都有了一定程度的改进,对风场的改进尤为明显.由于风场得到了改进,进而对降水的模拟能力也有所提高,为区域气候模式的进一步发展奠定了基础.     

基于CERES资料的东亚地区单层卷云物理特性时空分布特征

利用2003-2016年的CERES SSF（Clouds and the Earth"s Radiant Energy System Single Scanner Foorprint） 数据，对东亚不同区域的单层卷云物理特性进行研究。结果表明：（1）单层卷云量在东亚地区为25％-46％，低值区分布在青藏高原和云贵高原；单层卷云云厚多为1.2-2.4 km，除南部地区外，东亚其他区域的单层卷云在冬季较厚。（2）东亚地区单层卷云冰粒子等效半径范围集中在22-32 μm，东部海域年平均值在14年中均为最大。冰水柱含量范围集中在12-30 g/m2，西部地区为主要高值区，14年的年平均值均大于24 g/m2。（3）单层卷云光学厚度的高值区（1.7-2.1）分布在青藏高原及其附近，低值多出现在西太平洋上空。东亚五个子区域的云光学厚度均在春季较大。     

东亚地区对流层人为硫酸盐辐射强迫及其温度响应

利用区域气候模式对东亚地区人为硫酸盐的直接辐射强迫及其温度响应进行了数值研究.结果表明:(1)人为硫酸盐直接辐射强迫具有明显的季节变化和地理分布特征,辐射强迫的这种变化特征不仅强烈地依赖于硫酸盐柱含量的季节变化和地理分布,而且取决于云量季节变化和地理分布.(2)就年平均而言,由于硫酸盐辐射强迫的影响,模拟区域内大部分地区普遍降温.降温比较明显的区域位于110°E以东、40°N以南的中国大陆地区,超过-0.1℃.其中华北平原和长江中游的湖南、湖北形成两个降温大值中心,幅度超过-0.2℃.(3)地面温度响应呈现出明显的区域季节变化特征.冬春季节,温度响应与辐射强迫之间满足较好的对应关系;夏秋季节,二者呈现出复杂的非线性关系.     

东亚地区闪电产生Nox的时空分布特征

利用NASA提供的2.5°×2.5°卫星闪电格点资料(1995-2002年), 并根据纬度区分云闪和地闪后, 对东亚地区(75°～155°E, 0°～55°N)闪电产生NOX的时空分布进行分析, 结果表明 闪电产生的NOX在东亚地区的年总产量平均值为2.30 Tg, 自南向北存在7个极值中心, 它们分别集中于南部、中部和北部极值群内, 三个极值群的最大值分别为16.4, 12.7和5.46 Bg/grid/yr.与该地区NOX的非闪电排放源相比较, 闪电产生NOX的分布范围大, 年产量约为非闪电源年排放总量的23.闪电产生NOX的量在夏季最大, 其区域性特征很明显.地球表面特性的差异造成了闪电产生的NOX在经度分布上存在较大的不平衡性.在气候冷暖交替月份的中低纬度地区闪电产生NOX的增加对强雷暴活动年闪电产生NOX的贡献最为明显.     

Spring Indian Ocean-western Pacific SST contrast and the East Asian summer rainfall anomaly

studying the relationship between SST in the tropical Indian Ocean （TIO）, tropical western Pacific （TWP）, and tropical eastern Pacific （TEP） and East Asian summer rainfall （EASR）, using data provided by NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD and the National Climate Center of China for the period 1979-2008, an index, SSTDI, was defined to describe the SST difference between the TIO and TWP. In comparison with the winter ENSO, the spring SST contrast between the TIO and TWP was found to be more significantly associated with summer rainfall in East Asia, especially along the EASR band and in Northeast China. This spring SST contrast can persist into summer, resulting in a more significant meridional teleconnection pattern of lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies over the western North Pacific and East Asia. These circulation anomalies are dynamically consistent with the summer rainfall anomaly along the EASR band. When the SSTDI is higher （lower） than normal, the EASR over the Yangtze River valley, Korea, and central and southern Japan is heavier （less） than normal. The present results suggest that this spring SST contrast can be used as a new and better predictor of EASR anomalies.     

Evaluation of spring persistent rainfall over East Asia in CMIP3/CMIP5 AGCM simulations

The progress made fi＇om Phase 3 to Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP3 to CMIP5） in simulating spring persistent rainfall （SPR） over East Asia was examined from the outputs of nine atmospheric general circulation models （AGCMs）. The majority of the models overestimated the precipitation over the SPR domain, with the mean latitude of the SPR belt shifting to the north. The overestimation was about 1mm d-1 in the CMIP3 ensemble, and the northward displacement was about 3°, while in the CMIP5 ensemble the overestimation was suppressed to 0.7 mm d-i and the northward shift decreased to 2.5°. The SPR features a northeast-southwest extended rain belt with a slope of 0.4°N/°E. The CMIP5 ensemble yielded a smaller slope （0.2°N/°E）, whereas the CMIP3 ensemble featured an unre- alistic zonally-distributed slope. The CMIP5 models also showed better skill in simulating the interannual variability of SPR. Previous studies have suggested that the zonal land-sea thermal contrast and sensible heat flux over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau are important for the existence of SPR. These two ther- mal factors were captured well in the CMIP5 ensemble, but underestimated in the CMIP3 ensemble. The variability of zonal land-sea thermal contrast is positively correlated with the rainfall amount over the main SPR center, but it was found that an overestimated thermal contrast between East Asia and South China Sea is a common problem in most of the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Simulation of the meridional thermal contrast is therefore important for the future improvement of current AGCMs.     

东亚酸沉降模式不确定性分析

酸沉降会对生态环境造成危害。要控制和减少酸沉降,就要了解酸沉降的幅度和不确定性,而模式研究是获得这些因子的重要工具。用东亚酸沉降模式比较计划（MICS-AsiaⅡ）中7个模式模拟的2001年7月和12月东亚地区酸沉降数据及东亚酸沉降监测网络（EANET）的观测数据,通过相关分析发现多模式模拟的平均值可表现东亚地区酸沉降的分布特征。采用各个模式与模拟结果平均值的离散程度来表征这些模式在东亚地区的不确定性,简要分析了目前模式模拟东亚酸沉降的不确定及其产生原因,可为制定酸沉降的控制措施提供依据。     

2002年夏季东亚地区环流20—30 d主振荡型延伸期预报研究

用2002年3-9月逐日东亚地区850 hPa经向风场资料建立主振荡预测模型(POP),对影响长江下游地区强降水过程的主要低频经向风场(20-30 d时间尺度)的时空变化进行10-30 d延伸期独立预报试验.试验结果表明,在夏半年135次预测中提前20 d预报的相关预报技巧在0.50以上,很好地预报了夏季3次强降水过程对应的经向风的低频变化过程.对20-30 d振荡显著的多年资料预报试验表明,这些预测模型是预报低频环流时空演变的有效工具,对于提高未来3-4周长江下游强降水过程的预报准确率有重要意义.