丝阵Z箍缩早期消融等离子体动力学的二维数值模拟研究

采用理想磁流体力学模型,给出合理的二维(r, θ)质量注入边界条件,对丝阵Z箍缩早期消融等离子体的动力学过程进行了二维(r, θ)数值模拟研究,得到消融等离子体各参量以及磁场的二维时空分布.模拟结果表明,消融等离子体的运动包括四个主要阶段:首先向轴漂移,然后在轴线处滞止并形成先驱等离子体柱,随后先驱等离子体柱被压缩,最后缓慢膨胀.计算了不同丝阵半径和丝间距情况下消融等离子体到轴速度以及消融质量占丝阵总质量的份额,它们的变化规律与实验结果基本符合.通过     

太阳系诞生于小爆炸

首先,理论上的大爆炸使得宁宙演化开来.几十亿年过去之后,我们的太阳系诞生于小爆炸. 长期以来,最起码科学家们认为情况足这样的.现在,科学家们利用计算机模拟证明了这个观点:我们的太阳是一次爆炸事件的产物.研究人员称,最近的这次模拟发现,一颗超新星(爆炸中的恒星)的确有可能导致太阳在一团浓密的气体与尘埃中诞生.     

Improvement of Urban Impervious Surface Estimation in Shanghai Using Landsat7 ETM＋ Data

This paper explores the potential to improve the impervious surface estimation accuracy using a multi-stage approach on the basis of vegetation-impervious surface-soil (V-I-S) model. In the first stage of Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) process, pixel purity index, a quantitative index for defining endmember quality, and a 3-dimensional endmember selection method were applied to refining endmembers. In the second stage, instead of obtaining impervious surface fraction by adding high and low albedo fractions directly, a linear regression model was built between impervious surface and high/low albedo using a random sampling method. The urban impervious surface distribution in the urban central area of Shanghai was predicted by the linear regression model. Estimation accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and impervious surface fraction were assessed using root mean square (RMS) and color aerial photography respectively. In comparison with three different research methods, this improved estimation method has a higher overall accuracy than traditional Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA) method and the normalized SMA model both in root mean square error (RMSE) and standard error (SE). However, the model has a tendency to overestimate the impervious surface distribution. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40701177)     

Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces —A case study of Shanghai, China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase, and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization. Taking Shanghai as an example, the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city’s vertical and horizontal increases respectively, and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion. The research drew following conclusions: 1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature, and could be divided into three stages: vertical expansion in dominance, coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion, and horizontal expansion in dominance. 2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs, but the changing speed of the latter was faster. And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city’s horizontal expansion, while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion. Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city’s political factors.     

基于条件平差的卫星双向时间传递链路性能优化方法

卫星双向时间传递(Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer, TWSTFT)是目前精度最高的时间传递方法之一,同时也是参与国际原子时计算的守时实验室之间比较原子时尺度的一种主要方法.提高TWSTFT链路的短期稳定度,降低周日效应对链路时间传递结果的影响,对优化TAI (International Atomic Time)的性能具有现实意义.提出了一种基于条件平差的TWSTFT链路性能优化方法,先依据TWSTFT链路测量噪声水平与谱分析结果建立TWSTFT链路性能优化网络(简称优化网络),再根据优化网络中各链路测量噪声分析结果设置权系数阵,建立条件平差模型.选取亚太地区的中国计量科学研究院(National Institute of Metrology, NIM)-中国科学院国家授时中心(National Time Service Center, NTSC)卫星双向时间传递链路作为待优化链路,以NTSC、NIM以及德国联邦物理技术研究所(Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,PTB)之间的TWSTFT链路组成优化网络,对优化网络的组网方法和条件平差模型进行实验验证.结果表明,平差后待优化链路短期稳定度得到了改善,同时其受周日效应的影响降低了约24.6%.使用该方法,能够有效提高待优化链路的时间传递性能.     

地下水位对定点形变观测干扰的抽水实验

抽水所造成的地下水位的变化会即时在局部范围内造成地表的形变，干扰定点地壳形变观测。在蓟县地震台进行的抽水实验表明：这种干扰的幅度与抽水水井到形变监测仪器的距离有关，也和抽水水井水位的最大降深有关。根据实验数据得到了抽水对定点形变观测的影响范围的经验公式。     

台风“利奇马”对湖州地震台VP型倾斜仪观测数据的扰动分析

基于小波分析方法,提取台风“利奇马”对湖州地震台VP型倾斜仪观测数据的高频扰动发现,扰动信号呈“纺锤状”,与台风中心风速、台风距离的相关性低;扰动信号主要是海浪到达近海,冲击海底和海岸产生振动,经过完整的地壳传导而被观测仪器记录到的信号。     

上海中心城区河流水系百年变化及影响因素分析

分析上海中心城区河流水系1860~2003年变化情况,研究表明:①140余年来中心城区有历史记载河流消失至少310条段,总长超520 km,水面积减少约10.46 km²,水面率下降3.61%。中心城区所在水利片河流水系结构破坏,水系分枝比受河道消亡影响明显降低,水系分维数异常;②中心城区河流水系阶段性集中消亡,消亡驱动力因消亡时期而异;③初步估算,140余年来中心城区河道槽蓄容量减少超过2 029×10⁴m3、单位面积可调蓄容量减少5.06×10⁴m³/km²。河道槽蓄容量较百年前减少超过80%,城市河网调蓄能力明显削弱,且1950~1990年市政雨水泵站累积增加数目与同期区域内河道累积消失数量、长度和槽蓄容量间均呈显著正相关性。     

郑观应的海防思想（上）

海军为陆军之佐,表里相扶不能偏废,闭关自守患在内忧,海禁宏开患在外侮。内忧之起,陆军足以靖之,外侮之来,非海军不足以御之。——郑观应 郑观应,原名官应,字正翔,广东香山县人（今中山市）,是19世纪后期著名的民族资本家。郑观应早年放弃仕途,赴上海学商，曾为洋行和太古轮船公司买办，后又投资轮船公司，曾长期在上海机器织布局、轮船招商局、汉阳铁厂等洋务企业中任总办。     

海上大爆炸——亲历“江亚轮”沉没

"听说共军就要打过来了!""是啊,所以我把上海的房子卖了,打算回宁波老家避避风头。""报纸上不是说长江天险牢不可破,共军肯定没法渡江吗?""内兜瓜七(宁波话,傻瓜)啊,报纸上说的你也信?"拥挤的船舱中,类似的交谈不绝于耳,即使是熟悉的乡音,听多了也让人觉得十分烦躁。这些坐船的大部分人都是和我一样在上海打拼的宁波