利用ΔlogR技术计算柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系有机碳

利用ΔlogR技术计算有机碳是一种不同于传统地球化学测试得到的有机碳方法.该方法利用烃源岩有机碳含量在测井曲线(声波时差、电阻率)上的响应特征,建立测井解释模型,计算TOC的连续分布值,从而得到准确的有机碳含量,补充取心资料的不足.本文应用ΔlogR技术,结合实测数据,建立起三湖地区测井资料与有机碳含量之间的定量关系模型,然后利用该模型对三湖地区25口重点探井进行有机碳计算.结果表明:有机碳总体上数值含量偏低,平均值为0.33%;在纵向上,具有2个峰值,其中k5-k6峰值段是第四系最大湖泛期形成的沉积;在平面上,有机碳高值区位于台南-涩北构造以北和台吉乃尔与南陵丘以南区域,而南斜坡和涩南1井以东区域有机碳含量较低.本次研究获取了较为准确的烃源岩评价参数,最终得到该区第四系天然气资源量得到油田认可.     

南海海岛海山的重磁响应特征

南海的海岛、海山等地貌单元的地球物理研究对于南海成因、海岛利用、资源问题和我国海防建设均具有重要意义.过去我国的南海海洋实际测量资料覆盖面小,且多数为测线调查,海底地形测量精度和重磁等测量精度较低,因此,一直无法得到精度较高的研究成果.本文利用半个多世纪我国在南海历年的多波束、重力、磁力等船载海洋实际地球物理调查资料,加上少数卫星、航空测量成果,得到能够覆盖南海全部海域的多波束、重力、磁力实际测量的地球物理基础数据.追溯南海周边的地磁台站与当年调查时间匹配的日变数据,重新校正历年磁力测量成果,并利用"十一五"863国家海洋高科技计划的处理、拼合技术,获得了南海海底地形、重力、磁力三方互为印证的可靠地球物理成果,为海岛海山的地球物理研究奠定基础.研究发现,南海海岛海山按其地球物理性质并结合现有的岩石物性资料,可以分为三大类:1)南海大部分海岛海山为空间重力异常值高、正磁力ΔZ_⊥异常值也高的高密度高磁性的双高海山,以基性喷出岩(玄武岩)为主;2)空间重力异常值高、磁力ΔZ_⊥异常值低的海山,以花岗岩、变质岩为主;3)空间重力异常值高、部分磁力ΔZ_⊥异常值高部分低的海山,可能是花岗岩、变质岩海山的部分区域出现火山喷发形成的. 海山的分布有规律,与南海的成因与南海块体的分异状态有关.     

Seasonal radiocarbon reservoir ages for the 17th century James River,Virginia estuary

This study utilizes a combined stable isotope and ¹⁴C dating approach to determine the radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR, for the James River, Virginia estuary from 17th century Crassostrea virginica shells of known collection dates. ΔR, which can vary spatially and temporally, is a locality-specific adjustment applied to the global ocean reservoir, R, to further account for the offset between the atmospheric and marine ¹⁴C calibration curves. To assess the temporal variability in ΔR, continuous δ¹⁸O sampling along the oyster shell hinge provides a seasonal record throughout the oyster's life. This is then used to identify sampling locations for ¹⁴C measurements based on calcite precipitated during the Summer (>19 °C) and Fall through Spring (F-Sp, <15 °C) months. The resulting seasonal ΔR values range from −151 ± 46 to +109 ± 55 ¹⁴C years (260 years) due to changes in the contribution and age of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from marine and freshwater sources in the James River estuary. The F-Sp samples display a larger ΔR range than the Summer samples, as do the shells precipitated during drought conditions (1606–1612) when compared to shells from the remainder of the 17th century. The largest intrashell ΔR variability, 195 ¹⁴C years, is similarly found in a drought shell and is attributed to variability caused by the extreme regional 1606–1612 drought. Early land use changes related to European development and farming practices also altered the age of DIC in the James River estuary. We estimate that the soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contributing to freshwater DIC ranged from 0 to ∼1800 years old and reflected both the drought and land use changes that occurred during the 17th century. Using only the Summer samples, which represent the majority of shell calcite, we obtain a mean ΔR = −32 ± 11 ¹⁴C years (1σ) for 17th century James River estuary ΔR at the very onset of European colonization. Employing a seasonally resolved sampling method will provide the greatest constraint on ¹⁴C measurements in an estuarine environment where multiple carbon sources can fluctuate on seasonal timescales and as a result of large scale environmental change.     

用大量地震震源机制解检验2008年汶川地震对后续地震的触发作用

2008年汶川M_S8.0强震过去已十几年,这期间,震源区发生了大量的余震,震源周边地区发生了多次中强震.本研究利用大量震源机制解资料系统地研究汶川地震对其周边中强震及其余震触发作用,并将研究结果与先前研究结果进行了对比和分析,获得以下结论:(1)汶川地震对其周边发生的中强震存在一定的触发作用;(2)当等效摩擦系数为0.4时,由三种震源破裂模型获得的余震触发率均为65%左右(以0.01 MPa为阈值);(3)随着等效摩擦系数的增大,余震震源机制解节面上ΔCFS为正的地震数增多,反映主震触发作用增强,这与等效摩擦系数增大地震难以发生并不矛盾,而是反映等效摩擦系数增大时,断层面上正应力对ΔCFS的贡献增大,同时表明在分析库仑应力触发作用时,合理选取等效摩擦系数是至关重要的;(4)统计余震震源机制解节面上受到的库仑应力大于某一数值和小于其相反数的地震数之比时,随着统计阈值的增大,比值呈现出增大的趋势,同时比值也变得离散,该现象还有待于进一步研究.     

南海中部全新世以来海山深潜区有孔虫的地球化学记录及反映的气候变化

有孔虫在生长发育过程中能够捕获或黏附周围海水中的钙质或硅质形成自己的壳体,因此有孔虫的地球化学特征能够记录古气候、古海洋和古环境信息。以2017年蛟龙号第136潜次在南海珍贝海山底部约2 500 m水深位置精准采集的柱状样品为研究对象,对其中的G.ruber以及G.sacculifer两类浮游有孔虫壳体的Mg/Ca以及碳氧同位素组成进行了分析测试。结果表明自12.6 ka以来该海域表层海水温度(SST)的变化范围为24.4～29.3℃,平均温度为26.2℃,并能够识别出明显的气候突变事件,在时间范围上与新仙女木事件和全新世东亚夏季风突变事件大致吻合。这些突变事件可能受控于ENSO活动和热带辐合带(ITCZ)平均位置的纬向移动,并与北大西洋冰筏事件具有遥相关。此外,发现全新世期间浮游有孔虫G.sacculifer和G.ruber的碳同位素分馏值Δ¹³C_{G.sacculifer-G.ruber}与SST变化有关,SST降低时,Δ¹³C_{G.sacculifer-G.ruber}呈负偏;而在SST升高时,Δ     

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鄂尔多斯盆地海子塌地区长6油层组测井曲线标准化研究

研究区延长组沉积为陆相三角洲沉积,主要含油气层位为长6油层组.受沉积环境及泥岩中有机质含量的影响,该区非渗透层段测井曲线响应差异较大,使得测井曲线标准化效果不佳.针对此情况,在借助自然伽马、井径测井、声波测井、感应测井等曲线构建"视标准层"的基础上,利用ΔlgR方法剔除受有机质影响明显的非渗透层段,进而选取不受井眼条件、岩性、物性、含油气性等因素影响的非渗透层段作为"视标准层",最后采用直方图法对研究区测井曲线进行标准化,并结合孔隙度计算模型进行了检验.研究结果表明,ΔlgR方法可以较为有效地消除非渗透层段有机质含量的影响,提高陆相地层中"视标准层"构建的质量,为后期储层参数的确定奠定基础.     

深部隐伏沉积变质型铁矿床找矿模式初探——以苍山县沟西铁矿床为例

为验证苍山县沟西地区航磁局部异常,运用地面高精度磁测、勘查线剖面高精度磁测和钻探验证等综合勘查方法进行评价,依据Δ犜磁异常、高磁剖面异常和Δ犜化极向上延拓100 m 磁异常特征,首先预测了隐伏铁矿体的空间位置、产状,进而实施钻探验证,发现了苍山县沟西大型隐伏铁矿床,取得了良好的找矿效果,经对比分析已知矿体和磁场特征,建立了地质-物探找矿模式。     

低温和摄食对虹鳟脂肪酸合成基因表达的影响

通过分析低温和摄食对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)脂肪酸生物合成相关基因表达的影响,探究其低温适应机制,为虹鳟的成功越冬提供一定的理论依据。本实验设定了正常温度摄食组(NF)、正常温度不摄食组(NU)、低温摄食组(CF)和低温不摄食组(CU)4个实验处理,分别测定了虹鳟肝脏和肌肉在1、3、5、7和14d时硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase,SCD)、Δ6-去饱和酶(Δ6fatty acid desaturase,Δ6Fad)和延长酶2(Elongation of very long chain fatty acids like 2,Elovel2)3个基因的相对表达水平。实验表明:摄食显著影响虹鳟肝脏对脂肪酸的生物合成,在营养供给充足的情况下,主要通过脱酰和重酰化作用(替代作用)来满足机体对单一不饱和脂肪酸(Monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)的需求;在营养供给不足时,可以通过相关脂肪酸生物合成通路合成MUFA和PUFA。虹鳟肌肉中有大量脂肪沉积,因而短时间的不摄食对其影响较小。当周围环境温度降低时,SCD、Δ6Fad和Elovel2三个基因的表达量均显著上升,表明虹鳟为了适应低温,生物膜磷脂脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸的比例上升,虹鳟肝脏和肌肉中MUFA和PUFA生物合成量增加。此外,虹鳟肝脏SCD mRNA的表达量在CF组较低,这可能是因为摄食可以在一定程度上补充MUFA。虹鳟在正常营养条件下,大约在5～7d可适应低温;在长时间的饥饿和低温胁迫下,虹鳟机体内的脂肪酸生物合成会受到影响。     

Millennial-scale variability in the local radiocarbon reservoir age of south Florida during the Holocene

A growing body of research suggests that the marine environments of south Florida provide a critical link between the tropical and high-latitude Atlantic. Changes in the characteristics of water masses off south Florida may therefore have important implications for our understanding of climatic and oceanographic variability over a broad spatial scale; however, the sources of variability within this oceanic corridor remain poorly understood. Measurements of ΔR, the local offset of the radiocarbon reservoir age, from shallow-water marine environments can serve as a powerful tracer of water-mass sources that can be used to reconstruct variability in local-to regional-scale oceanography and hydrology. We combined radiocarbon and U-series measurements of Holocene-aged corals from the shallow-water environments of the Florida Keys reef tract (FKRT) with robust statistical modeling to quantify the millennial-scale variability in ΔR at locations with (“nearshore”) and without (“open ocean”) substantial terrestrial influence. Our reconstructions demonstrate that there was significant spatial and temporal variability in ΔR on the FKRT during the Holocene. Whereas ΔR was similar throughout the region after ∼4000 years ago, nearshore ΔR was significantly higher than in the open ocean during the middle Holocene. We suggest that the elevated nearshore ΔR from ∼8000 to 5000 years ago was most likely the result of greater groundwater influence associated with lower sea level at this time. In the open ocean, which would have been isolated from the influence of groundwater, ΔR was lowest ∼7000 years ago, and was highest ∼3000 years ago. We evaluated our open-ocean model of ΔR variability against records of local-to regional-scale oceanography and conclude that local upwelling was not a significant driver of open-ocean radiocarbon variability in this region. Instead, the millennial-scale trends in open-ocean ΔR were more likely a result of broader-scale changes in western Atlantic circulation associated with an increase in the supply of equatorial South Atlantic water to the Caribbean and shifts in the character of South Atlantic waters resulting from variation in the intensity of upwelling off the southwest coast of Africa. Because accurate estimates of ΔR are critical to precise calibrations of radiocarbon dates from marine samples, we also developed models of nearshore and open-ocean ΔR versus conventional ¹⁴C ages that can be used for regional radiocarbon calibrations for the Holocene. Our study provides new insights into the patterns and drivers of oceanographic and hydrologic variability in the Straits of Florida and highlights the value of the paleoceanographic records from south Florida to our understanding of Holocene changes in climate and ocean circulation throughout the Atlantic.