电阻率图像中的地下水和断层

目的：将电阻率层析成像应用于探测潜伏断层的研究中，本文发现了断层和地下水的一些基本电阻率分布特征，这对于工程物探意义重大，一般情况下，断层两侧具有不同的电阻率特征，但是，根据电阻率层析图像中的电阻率分布，通常难以区分断层和地下水层，这是因为两者不仅都具有低电阻率值，而且还具有非常相似的电阻率异常特征。资料和方法：运用电阻率层析图像的数据，电阻率层析图像中的断层会呈现如下特征：1）由于孔隙度的加大和地下水的存在，使得断层表现出高角度的低阻线性结构。它们既可以出现在浅部盖层中，也可以存在于深部基岩中，特别是在深部区域，它们尤为明显；2）它们还呈现出高角度的线性梯度带，在该梯度带两边的电阻率结构出现整体性的差异，通常情况下，正断层的上盘表现出低阻或／和班驳状的高阻和低阻扰动区，而下盘则为完整的高阻区，这与逆冲断层正好相反；3）与断层有关的电阻率异常区常常具有良好的大尺度水平连续性，并且可以追瞎异常区附近的精细电性结构。而地下水的电阻率特征为：1）如果没有裂隙，地表水所引起的低阻区非常浅，即使存在丰富的水源以及高孔隙度的砾岩和中粗砂。一般情况下，其底端深度不超过强风化区；2）地下水的电阻率值非常低，特别在高矿化度的地区。地下水，包括岩溶水和砂岩水，的电阻率总显示出局部水平延伸或／和面团状特征；3）地下水层的深度朝某个固定方向逐渐增加，并且其电阻率图像会随季节而变；4）一般情况下，在水下渗的地区，会出现降水漏斗，其上部为高阻，而下部为低阻，从而便形成了“Y”或“V”字型的典型结构。结果：利用上述的基本特征一般可以区分断层和地下水。结论：仅依靠电阻率层析图像，可能极难准确地区分断层和裂隙水，这是因为裂隙水不但可能具有高角度的低阻线性结构，而且在一定尺度上具有很好的水平连续性，还有，由于电阻率层析成像较差的垂直分辨率，难以精确确定断层的上端点位置，所以结合其它的物探手段如钻探和浅层地震勘探是非常必要的。     

Seismic studies of the Brasília fold belt at the western border of the São Francisco Craton, Central Brazil, using receiver function, surface-wave dispersion and teleseismic tomography

The Tocantins Province in Central Brazil is composed of a series of SSW–NNE trending terranes of mainly Proterozoic ages, which stabilized in the Neoproterozoic in the final collision between the Amazon and São Francisco cratons. No previous information on crustal seismic properties was available for this region. Several broadband stations were used to study the regional patterns of crustal and upper mantle structure, extending the results of a recent E–W seismic refraction profile. Receiver functions and surface wave dispersion showed a thin crust (33–37 km) in the Neoproterozoic Magmatic Arc terrane. High average crustal Vp/Vs ratios (1.74–1.76) were consistently observed in this unit. The foreland domain of the Brasília foldbelt, on the other hand, is characterized by thicker crust (42–43 km). Low Vp/Vs ratios (1.70–1.72) were observed in the low-grade foreland fold and thrust zone of the Brasília belt adjacent to the São Francisco craton. Teleseismic P-wave tomography shows that the lithospheric upper mantle has lower velocities beneath the Magmatic Arc and Goiás Massif compared with the foreland zone of the belt and São Francisco craton. The variations in crustal thickness and upper mantle velocities observed with the broadband stations correlate well with the measurements along the seismic refraction profile. The integration of all seismic observations and gravity data indicates a strong lithospheric contrast between the Goiás Massif and the foreland domain of the Brasília belt, whereas little variation was found across the foldbelt/craton surface boundary. These results support the hypothesis that the Brasília foreland domain and the São Francisco craton were part of a larger São Francisco-Congo continental plate in the final collision with the Amazon plate.     

蒙古中南部地区的上地幔P波速度结构

利用中蒙国际科技合作专项项目在蒙古中南部地区布设的69个宽频带地震仪在2011年8月—2013年7月所记录的远震波形数据,采用波形相关方法在0.02~0.1 Hz的频段内拾取了18551个有效的P震相相对走时残差数据,进一步采用有限频走时层析成像的方法,反演获取了蒙古中南部下方深达800 km的P波速度结构.结果显示：肯特山下方的低速异常极有可能是推测中的肯特山地幔柱的反映;呼斯坦瑙鲁和曼达尔戈壁西边的低速异常可能与杭爱山高原下的地幔柱或地幔对流有关联;戈壁滩的低速异常带可能和达里甘嘎火山有相同的热来源,可能是该区火成岩存在的深部原因,也可能是戈壁滩及其周边地区地幔柱或下地幔热物质上涌的表现.     

新疆及邻区Pn速度层析成像

利用新疆及邻区2万多条Pn射线的走时资料,采用层析成像的方法反演该地区上地幔顶部的Pn速度结构.主要结果是:①新疆地区平均h速度为.2km/s,高于中国大陆地区的平均值(.0km/s),速度变化量从-0.3km/s到0.2km/s.②准噶尔盆地是明显的高Pn速度区,高速区与地貌形状吻合较好,最大值达.4km/s;塔里木盆地整体上呈现高速异常二者都可能与盆地是稳定地块、构造活动和变形较弱有关.③在盆地与山脉的交接带即主要的构造活动带,存在较低的Pn速度,可达7.9km/s.④塔里木南缘中部存在一显著的低速区,可能与岩浆活动和构造活动较强有关.⑤上地幔顶部波速各向异性整体上盆地中心较弱,边缘地带较强.新疆南部波速的各向异性可能是因印度板块对欧亚大陆的碰撞使地幔物质向北蠕动的结果.     

Towards more systematic perceptual model development: a case study using 3 Luxembourgish catchments

The synthesis of experimental understanding of catchment behaviour and its translation into qualitative perceptual models is an important objective of hydrological sciences. We explore this challenge by examining the cumulative understanding of the hydrology of three experimental catchments and how it evolves through the application of different investigation techniques. The case study considers the Huewelerbach, Weierbach and Wollefsbach headwater catchments of the Attert basin in Luxembourg. Subsurface investigations including bore holes and pits, analysis of soil samples and Electrical Resistivity Tomography measurements are presented and discussed. Streamflow and tracer data are used to gain further insights into the streamflow dynamics of the catchments, using end‐member mixing analysis and hydrograph separation based on dissolved silica and electrical conductivity. We show that the streamflow generating processes in all three catchments are controlled primarily by the subsolum and underlying bedrock. In the Huewelerbach, the permeable sandstone formation supports a stable groundwater component with little seasonality, which reaches the stream through a series of sources at the contact zone with the impermeable marls formation. In the Weierbach, the schist formation is relatively impermeable and supports a ‘fill and spill’‐type of flow mechanism; during wet conditions, it produces a delayed response dominated by pre‐event water. In the Wollefsbach, the impermeable marls formation is responsible for a saturation‐excess runoff generating process, producing a fast and highly seasonal response dominated by event water. The distinct streamflow generating processes of the three catchments are represented qualitatively using perceptual models. The perceptual models are in turn translated into quantitative conceptual models, which simulate the hydrological processes using networks of connected reservoirs and transfer functions. More generally, the paper illustrates the evolution of perceptual models based on experimental fieldwork data, the translation of perceptual models into conceptual models and the value of different types of data for processes understanding and model representation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithospheric structure beneath the East China Sea revealed by Rayleigh-wave phase velocities

We explore the variations of Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity beneath the East China Sea in a broad period range (5–200 s). Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves are measured by the two-station technique for a total of 373 interstation paths using vertical-component broad-band waveforms at 32 seismic stations around the East China Sea from 6891 global earthquakes.The resulting maps of Rayleigh-wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy provide a high resolution model of the lithospheric mantle beneath the East China Sea. The model exhibits four regions with different isotropic and anisotropic patterns: the Bohai Sea, belonging to the North China Craton, displays a continental signature with fast velocities at short periods; the Yellow Sea, very stable unit associated with low deformation, exhibits fast velocities and limited anisotropy; the southern part of the East China Sea, with high deformation and many fractures and faults, is related to slow velocities and high anisotropic signature; and the Ryukyu Trench shows high-velocity perturbations and slab parallel anisotropy.     

CT图象重建的算法优化和代码优化

卷积反投影是CT图象重建的最重要算法作为一种线性处理,其基本算法并不复杂,但由于CT的数据量庞大,使得图象重建的计算十分耗时.国外CT大都采用基于64位CPU的工作站并配以专门为CT建象设计的阵列处理板,这种昂贵的造价数十万元的计算机系统对一般医院用户来说是很大的经济负担.相反我们一直采用通用PC工作站,不仅降低了成本,而且计算机可以得到迅速的升级.这样,为满足医院临床诊断和治疗对建象速度的需要,我们就必须对该算法进行优化,优化的效果也成为CT软件能否适应市场需要,能否最终产品化的关键.本文总结了针对CT图象重建分别在算法层次和代码层次上所做的优化工作.第一,在算法实现的层次上,(1)在反投影算法中,进行内外循环交换,将最内层循环的计算量最大限度地减少,(2)利用反投影算法的对称性,只计算出部分图象数据并对称得到其它图象数据,(3)根据不同的视野范围自动调整反投影的计算量,(4)充分利用FFT的特点,提高实数线性卷积的效率.(5)数据的行列交换,用于提高CPU对数据的存取速度.第二,在代码编程的层次上,充分利用新一代微机CPU--Pentium III提供的新资源、新指令和相应的代码优化工具软件,重新编写算法关键部分的程序代码,以提高程序的实际执行效率.在东大阿尔派全身CT扫描机CT-C2000上的实际测试表明,通过上述算法优化和代码优化,CT图象重建软件的运行速度提高了8倍以上,己达到了医院实际使用的要求.     

中国东北地区远震S波走时层析成像研究

利用中国东北流动和固定台网的234个宽频带地震仪在2009年6月—2011年5月所记录的远震波形数据,采用波形相关方法拾取了10301个有效的S震相相对走时残差数据,进一步采用两种射线走时层析成像的方法,反演获取了研究区下方深达800 km的S波速度结构,不同射线走时层析成像方法的结果对本区的S波速度异常结构起到一定的约束作用.S波成像结果与我们先前开展的P波成像研究结果整体相似：在长白山下方发现有一个高速异常结构,这可能就是俯冲到欧亚大陆板块下方的太平洋板块,由于板块的部分下沉,使得板块的形状并没有呈现出明显的板片状.长白山、阿尔山、五大连池火山下方都有低速异常体,长白山和阿尔山下的低速异常向下延伸至地幔转换带附近,可能与其上部的火山形成有关.五大连池火山下方的低速异常向下延伸至200 km左右,不同埋深的低速异常结构可能意味着五大连池与长白山和阿尔山有着不同的成因.松辽盆地呈现以高速异常为主导、高低速异常混合分布的特性,暗示松辽盆地岩石圈地幔可能遭受了改造与破坏,可能有岩石圈拆沉的过程,盆地南部下方的低速异常与长白山和阿尔山下的低速异常有连通性,可能是下地幔热物质上涌的一个通道.S波和P波相似的成像结果从另一个角度展示了中国东北地区的上地幔速度异常结构,对我们认识此区的地下结构提供了重要的约束.     

摄动求解Fréchet导数的电阻率层析成像方法

针对电阻率层析成像 ,比较了求解Fréchet导数的 4种方法 ,并提出摄动方法计算该导数 ,使得每一次迭代过程只计算一次正演。井间电阻率成像的数值模拟结果表明了该方法的稳定性和高效性 ,实际资料的处理证明了方法的有效性     

Delineation of sulphide ore-zones by borehole radar tomography at Hellyer Mine, Australia

Velocity and absorption tomograms are the two most common forms of presentation of radar tomographic data. However, mining personnel, geophysicists included, are often unfamiliar with radar velocity and absorption. In this paper, general formulae are introduced, relating velocity and attenuation coefficient to conductivity and dielectric constant. The formulae are valid for lossy media as well as high-resistivity materials. The transformation of velocity and absorption to conductivity and dielectric constant is illustrated via application of the formulae to radar tomograms from the Hellyer zinc–lead–silver mine, Tasmania, Australia. The resulting conductivity and dielectric constant tomograms constructed at Hellyer demonstrated the potential of radar tomography to delineate sulphide ore zones.