Progress in Scatterometer Application

Progress in the scientific application of space-based scatterometer data over the past two decades is reviewed. There has been continuous improvement in coverage, resolution, and accuracy. Besides the traditional applications in weather and ocean-atmosphere interaction, which are based on ocean surface wind vectors, emerging applications over land and ice are also described. Future missions and new technology are introduced. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国土地资源遥感调查与监测技术体系建设构想

本文在全面分析总结我国土地资源遥感调查与监测历程的基础上,提出了我国土地资源遥感调查与监测的技术框架与体系以及主要问题和关键技术。研究结果表明我国土地资源遥感调查与监测体系建立已经极为迫切,其目标在于建立土地资源遥感调查与监测本底库和动态库,形成多系统组成的技术体系框架。     

Characterization of volcanic thermal anomalies by means of sub-pixel temperature distribution analysis

The simultaneous solution of the Planck equation (involving the widely used “dual-band” technique) using two shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands allows for an estimate of the fractional area of the hottest part of an active lava flow (f _h) and the background temperature of the cooler crust (T _c). The use of a high spectral and spatial resolution imaging spectrometer with a wide dynamic range of 15 bits (DAIS 7915) in the wavelength range from 0.501 to 12.67 μm resulted in the identification of crustal temperature and fractional areas for an intra-crater hot spot at Mount Etna, Italy. This study indicates the existence of a relationship between these T _c and f _h extracted from DAIS and Landsat TM data. When the dual band equation system is performed on a lava flow, a logarithmic distribution is obtained from a plot of the fractional area of the hottest temperature vs. the temperature of the cooler crust. An entirely different distribution is obtained over active degassing vents, where increases in T _c occur without any increase in f _h. This result indicates that we can use scatter plots of T _c vs. fh to discriminate between different types of volcanic activity, in this case between degassing vents and lava flows, using satellite thermal data.     

Current and Future Applications of 3-D Global Earth-Ionosphere Models Based on the Full-Vector Maxwell’s Equations FDTD Method

Advances in computing technologies in recent decades have provided a means of generating and performing highly sophisticated computational simulations of electromagnetic phenomena. In particular, just after the turn of the twenty-first century, improvements to computing infrastructures provided for the first time the opportunity to conduct advanced, high-resolution three-dimensional full-vector Maxwell’s equations investigations of electromagnetic propagation throughout the global Earth-ionosphere spherical volume. These models, based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, are capable of including such details as the Earth’s topography and bathymetry, as well as arbitrary horizontal/vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities and anisotropies of the ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. Studies at this level of detail simply are not achievable using analytical methods. The goal of this paper is to provide an historical overview and future prospectus of global FDTD computational research for both natural and man-made electromagnetic phenomena around the world. Current and future applications of global FDTD models relating to lightning sources and radiation, Schumann resonances, hypothesized earthquake precursors, remote sensing, and space weather are discussed.

An improved atmospheric correction algorithm for applying MERIS data to very turbid inland waters

Atmospheric correction (AC) is a necessary process when quantitatively monitoring water quality parameters from satellite data. However, it is still a major challenge to carry out AC for turbid coastal and inland waters. In this study, we propose an improved AC algorithm named N-GWI (new standard Gordon and Wang’s algorithms with an iterative process and a bio-optical model) for applying MERIS data to very turbid inland waters (i.e., waters with a water-leaving reflectance at 864.8 nm between 0.001 and 0.01). The N-GWI algorithm incorporates three improvements to avoid certain invalid assumptions that limit the applicability of the existing algorithms in very turbid inland waters. First, the N-GWI uses a fixed aerosol type (coastal aerosol) but permits aerosol concentration to vary at each pixel; this improvement omits a complicated requirement for aerosol model selection based only on satellite data. Second, it shifts the reference band from 670 nm to 754 nm to validate the assumption that the total absorption coefficient at the reference band can be replaced by that of pure water, and thus can avoid the uncorrected estimation of the total absorption coefficient at the reference band in very turbid waters. Third, the N-GWI generates a semi-analytical relationship instead of an empirical one for estimation of the spectral slope of particle backscattering. Our analysis showed that the N-GWI improved the accuracy of atmospheric correction in two very turbid Asian lakes (Lake Kasumigaura, Japan and Lake Dianchi, China), with a normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) of less than 22% for wavelengths longer than 620 nm. However, the N-GWI exhibited poor performance in moderately turbid waters (the NMAE values were larger than 83.6% in the four American coastal waters). The applicability of the N-GWI, which includes both advantages and limitations, was discussed.     

济宁市城区遥感地热异常及其地热田地质特征

济宁市城区地处鲁西南潜隆之济宁凹陷,在以往地热地质分区上为成热条件一般区,目前没有地热成井。通过卫星遥感热红外信息分析,发现该区存在若干地热异常。结合常规地质调查、水井钻孔测温、电测深和热水样分析等异常验证,确认济宁市城区南部存在一个深埋型低温层状地热田。地热田面积大于300km^2,热水温度可达50℃,热能资源量在3.95×10^18J以上,开发利用前景可观。     

遥感地球化学研究

遥感地球化学是遥感技术与地球化学结合的产物。探讨了遥感地球化学产生的必然性、遥感地球化学的定义、基础理论、研究方法及应用。指出遥感地球化学的研究基础是地物波谱特征,并简要分析了矿物、岩石、水体、土壤、植被及广泛存在于星际间的一些挥发物质等的波谱特征及影响因素;归纳了遥感地球化学主要的研究方法。总结了遥感技术在矿产资源勘探、环境地球化学、生物地球化学、行星地球化学及全球变化等领域的应用,并展望了今后遥感地球化学的研究重点及发展方向。     

基于高分卫星的一季稻面积遥感估算

高分一号卫星(GF-1)是中国高分辨率对地观测系统中的重要成员之一,可以提供高空间分辨率的对地观测信息。本文以合肥市为研究范围,根据物候历选择2017年5月下旬和8月上旬的两个时相GF-1影像为研究资料,利用增强型植被指数(EVI)为监测判别指标,并以一季稻成熟期的蓝移现象作为辅助判别条件,构建了种植面积遥感估算模型。结果表明:通过对比验证模型,发现用统计调查数据来验证遥感估算结果的精度为93.2%,用混淆矩阵法来验证的精度和Kappa系数分别为83.7%和0.84。验证精度表明本文构建的遥感估算模型是合理可行的,为安徽省及合肥地区一季稻信息提取和估算提供参考。     

A landcover change study of takyr surfaces in Turkmenistan

The shortage of fresh water in Turkmenistan may be partially alleviated by runoff water from takyrs. However, anthropogenic degradation of takyrs over the past few decades has reduced their efficacy as catchment areas. The main goal of this study was to map the spatial extent of takyrs and their change over time. Digital image processing of Landsat MSS and Landsat 7 ETM+ images were used to identify, map and classify the takyrs and estimate their overall area and degradation rates. Thereafter, a change detection procedure was applied. Results retrieved from Landsat MSS images of southern Turkmenistan (1972-1975) showed a total area of non-degraded takyr surfaces of ∼20,000 km², whereas those from Landsat 7 ETM+ images (2002-2003) showed a total non-degraded takyr area of ∼16,000 km². These include ∼8000 km² which were degraded and ∼4000 km² that were only detected by the ETM+ due to its improved spectral resolution. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the Landsat results with higher spatial resolution images of QuickBird. Additional ground points located with GPS measurements validated the classification results. We were thus able to assess the takyr areas degraded over the past decades, and find ∼16,000 km² of non-degraded takyrs suitable for water harvesting.     

吉林省天宝山多金属矿床遥感,物化探信息综合研究

通过对航片、卫片及数字处理图像的解译，结合物化探资料分析天宝山多金属矿床成矿地质条件，进而圈定找矿靶区。同时，对天宝山头道沟爆发角砾岩型铅锌矿的成矿条件、分布特点、遥感影像特征及成矿模式进行了详细论述。