Roles of forced and inertially unstable convection development in the onset process of Indian summer monsoon

The NCEP/NCAR R1 reanalysis data are employed to investigate the impact of forced and inertial instability in the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea on the onset process of Indian summer monsoon(ISM),and to reveal the important role of zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum played in the forced unstable convection.Results show that during the ISM onset the zero absolute vorticity contour(??=0)shifts northward due to the strong cross-equatorial pressure gradient in the lower troposphere over southern Arabian Sea.Thus a region with negative absolute vorticity is generated near the equator in the northern hemisphere,manifesting the evident free inertial instability.When a southerly passes through this region,under the influence of friction a lower convergence that facilitates the convection flourishing at the lower latitudes appears to the north of zero absolute vorticity contour.However,owing to such a traditional inertial instability,the convection is confined near the equator which does not have direct influence on the ISM onset.On the contrary in the region to the north of the zero absolute vorticity contour and to the south of the low pressure center near the surface,although the atmosphere there is inertially stable,the lower westerly jet can develop and bring on the apparent zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum.Both theoretical study and diagnosing analysis present that such a zonal advection of geostrophic momentum is closely associated with the zonal asymmetric distribution of meridional land-sea thermal contrast,which induces a convergence center near and further north of the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula,providing a favorable lower circulation for the ISM onset.It illustrates that the development of convection over the Arabian Sea in late spring and early summer is not only due to the frictional inertial instability but also strongly affected by the zonal asymmetric distribution of land-sea thermal contrast.Moreover,before the ISM onset due to the eastward development of the South Asian High(SAH)in the upper troposphere,high potential vorticity is transported to the region over the Arabian Sea.Then a local trumpet-shaped stream field is generated to cause the evident upper divergence-pumping effect which favors the ISM onset.When the upper divergence is vertically coupled with the lower convergence resulted from the aforementioned forced unstable convection development near the southwestern coast of Indian Peninsula,the atmospheric baroclinic unstable development is stimulated and the ISM onset is triggered.     

Biotic events in Globotruncanid (Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers) evolution as an instrument for more detailed stratigraphic scales

This paper discusses changes in the qualitative and quantitative structures of planktonic foraminifer assemblages (Globotruncanids group) using examples of the Albian-Cenomanian and Cenomanian-Turonian boundaries and their test morphologies. These data allowed subdividing stratigraphic sections in more detail. The revealed connection between biological events, chemostratigraphy, and geochronology substantially increased the correlation potential in stratigraphic constructions.     

Representatives of the Neocosmoceras (Neocomitidae, Ammonoidea) genus from the Berriasian of the Crimean Mountains and their stratigraphic significance

The genus Euthymiceras is considered as the junior synonym of the genus Neocosmoceras. Four species N. euthymi, N. cf. transfigurabilis, N. minutus sp. nov., and N. giganteus sp. nov. from the Berriasian deposits of the Crimean Mountains are described for the first time. The biostratigraphic unit formerly termed the “Euthymiceras-Neocosmoceras Beds” is ranked now as the Neocosmoceras euthymi Subzone with a synonymous index species. The subzone is correlated to the following biostratigraphic units: the synonymous subzone of the northern Caucasus, the Neocosmoceras-Septaliphoria semenovi (upper part) and Buchia volgensis local zones of Mangyshlak, the upper part of the Riasanites rjasanensis Zone in the East European platform, and the paramimounum Subzone of the boissieri Zone in the standard zonation of the Tethyan ammonites.     

定水头补给半无限带状含水层矿坑涌水量评价

通过对广西某石灰岩矿区水文地质条件的分析,对该水文地质单元的水文地质模型进行概化,推导出了定水头补给半无限带状含水层中完整井流公式,并运用该公式对开采条件下矿坑涌水量作了评价。最后,运用传统的逐个干扰井叠加法对该公式的评价结果进行验证,结果表明,当映射叠加次数足够多时,其计算结果极为相近。但就其计算方法而言,映射叠加方法较为繁琐,而运用该公式计算则显得较为方便。     

关于西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其机制研究

采用１９９８年南海季风试验期间的高质量高分辨资料和ＮＣＥＰ提供的４０年再分析资料以及相关的海温和副高参数资料，研究了西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其与东亚副热带夏季风和外强迫的关系。发现在月平均图上，西太平洋副高中心（或脊线）附近看不到下沉气流，但在候平均图和日平均图上脊线附近的若干区域下沉气流明显。这表明西太平洋副高的准定常和瞬变部分的环流结构特征有显著不同。在副高北侧东亚副热带季风雨带上有暴雨发生时，其凝结海热激发的经圈环流对相应经度上的副高脊线附近的下沉气流有显著贡献。分析表明，脊线附近高（低）空的下沉气流分别来自副高北（南）侧，表明副高是中高纬和低纬度系统相互联结的纽带。相关统计指出，夏季西太平洋副高的三个参数（面积、强度和脊线纬度）与长江中下游降水存在很高的相关，降水偏多（少），副高面积偏大（小），强度偏强（弱），脊线偏南（北），这说明与降水相应的凝结潜热对副高的年际异常有重要影响。近海海温和东亚海陆热力差指数与夏季长江中下游降水和副高三参数均存在显著的相关，这表明东亚经向和纬向海陆热力差是影响副热带夏季降水和西太平洋副高年际变化的基本因子。数值试验结果指出，近海海温异常所形成的     

On the physical meaning of the zonal components of the geopotential

The MacCullagh equation is of key importance in the study of the Earth. It connects the geometrical and the physical properties of the Earth through the geodynamical shape factor J₂. This second zonal geopotential coefficient is closely related to the flattening and to the angular spin velocity of the Earth as well as to its equatorial (A) and polar (C) moments of inertia. Through these moments of inertia the gravitational potential V is connected to the mass density distribution within the Earth.The main target of the present study is to obtain a generalized form of the MacCullagh equation for even orders n ≥ 2 by including the higher order zonal coefficients J_n connected with the higher (n ≥ 2) degree moments of inertia C_n and A_n. The higher the degree n, the higher is the weight of the near-surface (i.e. shallow) mass density distribution in J_n. The second part of this contribution deals with the temporal variations of J_n, dJ_n/dt for n ≥ 2.     

Linkage Between the Northeast Mongolian Precipitation and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation

The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia (PRM) and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation (NHZC)§defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-level pressure at 60N in May-June-July, is examined in this study. A significant correlation coefficient (0.31) was found between the NHZC indices and PRM based on the dataset for the period of 1872–1995. The mechanisms responsible for the relationship are discussed through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with NHZC. It follows that NHZC-related atmospheric circulation variability provides an anomalous southeast flow from the ocean to Northeast Mongolia (northwest flow from Northeast Mongolia to the ocean) in the middle and low troposphere in positive (negative) phase of NHZC, resulting in more (less) water vapor transport to the target region and more (less) precipitation in Northeast Mongolia.     

Characteristics of Zonal Propagation of Atmospheric Kinetic Energy at Equatorial Region in Asia

Based on the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1980 to 1997, the zonal propagations of 850 hPa kinetic energy (KE) and meridional wind (v) at equatorial region are examined respectively. Results show that the strongest center of KE in the tropical Asian monsoon region is located at 75°-90°E, with the secondary over the Somalia low-level jet channel, i.e., about 50°E. East to 90°E, disturbances of both KE and v observed are mainly coming from the western Pacific Ocean and propagating westward to the Bay of Bengal (BOB) passing through the South China Sea. But the propagation directions of both KE and v are rather disorderly between the BOB and the Somalia jet channel. Therefore, the East Asian summer monsoon and the Indian summer monsoon are different in the propagating features of the disturbances of KE and v. Above facts indicate that East Asian monsoon system exists undoubtedly even at the equatorial region, and quite distinct from the Indian monsoon system, it is mainly affected by the disturbances coming from the tropical western Pacific rather than from the Indian monsoon region. The boundary of the two monsoon systems is around 95°-100°E, which is more westward than the counterpart as proposed in earlier studies by 5-10 degrees in longitude.     

我国臭氧总量的时空分布特征

根据臭氧总量的地理分布特征,把我国划分成7个区域,利用卫星观测的TOMS和SBUV资料对这7个区域上空的臭氧总量多年(1979—2003年)的纬向偏差分布、年际变化、周期分布等特征进行了分析。结果表明,东部地区的臭氧总量常年大于西部地区的臭氧总量,青藏高原、西北高原与东部同纬度地区相比,在夏季差别最大,冬季最小。四川盆地上空的臭氧总量常年比周围地区要高。研究还表明,每个区域都存在准2 a、4~5 a和8~10 a的周期振荡。     

Intermodel Diversity in the Zonal Location of the Climatological East Asian Westerly Jet Core in Summer and Association with Rainfall over East Asia in CMIP5 Models

The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.