H2O/CO2污染对煤油燃料超声速燃烧影响数值研究

在纯净空气与H₂O/ CO₂污染空气来流对比试验结果基础上,采用数值计算方法和化学动力学方法,研究了H₂O和CO₂污染组分对煤油燃料超声速燃烧的影响,获得了试验手段难以得到的燃烧室流场参数和性能数据。完成了相应的煤油燃料超声速燃烧室二维数值计算,其中匹配了进口总温、总压、马赫数、氧气摩尔分数和工作当量油气比。将数值计算结果与相应试验测量值进行了对比分析,并结合燃烧室流场数据、性能参数分析了H₂O和CO₂污染的动力学影响、以及对燃烧室性能的影响。研究表明:(1)数值计算结果与实验测量值总体上吻合,两种手段均体现了纯净空气来流时不同煤油当量油气比的燃烧室性能,并反映了一致的“污染效应”影响趋势;(2) H₂O污染、H₂O+ CO₂污染的存在降低了煤油燃料超声速燃烧室性能,体现在燃烧诱导压升、燃烧效率、流向冲量增量的下降,而且随着污染组分含量的增加,燃烧室性能下降越加显著。      

Distribution of emissions allowances as an opportunity

Much of the debate on climate policy in the USA focuses on the gain or loss to the macroeconomy of alternative policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the economy is made up of multiple individuals, not a single representative agent. This article reports the results of alternative ways of distributing emissions allocations across citizens. Macroeconomic effects interact with the policy for distribution, but the distributional weights are more important for the welfare of individual agents than the economy-wide effects of the emissions reductions. Egalitarian distributions of the emissions allowances have the potential to increase the welfare of most people, even if significant emissions reductions are mandated. Focusing on the distribution of emissions allowances (or the revenues generated from an emissions tax) rather than on aggregate GDP may provide guidance in identifying and implementing politically viable solutions to the climate change mitigation problem.     

黑龙江省粮食产量结构与影响产量的气象因子分析

通过黑龙江省1949～2006年粮食产量结构分析及近30年的粮食单产与5～9月气象要素相关分析,得出黑龙江省粮食总产的波动主要取决于粮食作物平均单产波动及作物种植结构的调整.1949年以来,在粮食作物中,玉米和大豆所占比例变化不大,水稻呈逐年增加的趋势,春小麦在20世纪90年代以前呈逐步增加的趋势,而90年代以后则急速下降;水稻的单产最高,其次是玉米,再次是春小麦,大豆单产最低;从单产的增减趋势来看,各种粮食作物单产基本呈逐步增长的趋势.影响黑龙江省粮食产量丰歉的主要气象因子为6月平均温度、9月降水量、5月和6月日照时数.     

Observational study of surface ozone at an urban site in East China

In this study, we present the observational data of near surface ozone and some meteorological parameters during 2004, at an urban site (36°42′ N, 117°08′ E, 34.5 m a.s.l.) of Jinan, China. Hourly ozone concentrations exceeding the standard value of China, 100 ppbv, were observed for 65 h (in 23 days) from April to October, and values exceeding US NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standard) for 1 h ozone, 120 ppbv, were observed for 15 h (in 7 days) from late May to early July. Ozone formation presented the phenomenon of “weekend effect”, especially in summer. Monthly variation of ozone coincided with temperature except for July and August. The low ozone levels in July and August may be due to the short sunshine duration and much rainfall during this period. Among these meteorological parameters, daily averaged ozone shows a significant correlation with temperature (r = 0.66) in the year and with relative humidity (r = − 0.75) in summer. Throughout the year, high ozone concentrations were mainly associated with the wind from 180 to 247.5°, while high ozone concentration seemed to have no obvious correlation with a given wind direction in summer. An anomalous nocturnal high ozone episode during 23–25 May 2004 was investigated. Growth fractions of ozone during the nighttime episode were 62.2% and 71.1% for 23 and 24 May, respectively. Synoptic analysis shows that favorable synoptic condition had presumably elevated the background ozone level in this region. Backward trajectory analysis shows that the increase of ozone concentration and the relatively constant high ozone concentrations during the night of May 23 might originate from the transport of ozone rich air mass above boundary layer. Transport of ozone from Yangtze Delta and East Central China might be a significant process for the high ozone level during night May 24 at Jinan.     

川滇区域高频地震动地形效应初探

历次强震表明:局域起伏地形对由高频地震动起决定作用的震害存在显著影响。忽略场地浅表土层的影响,凸起地形场地震害高于凹陷地形。然而,由于地形效应影响因素的复杂多样以及公认地形效应表征模型的缺失,已有的宽频带地震动模拟与预测方法并未考虑高频地震动地形效应,这可能导致对地震动时程及参数的错误估计。为此,本文利用当前较具代表性的地形效应量化表征模型,初步分析了川滇区域高频地震动的地形效应。首先,给出了基于量化表征模型的区域高频地震动地形效应计算分析方案;其次,完整地阐述了该方案在川滇地区的应用,并结合漾濞地震震害考察结果初步验证了川滇高频地震动地形效应分析结果的可靠性;最后,讨论了分析结果的局限并给出其应用于宽频带地震动模拟与预测方法中的初步建议。     

Landslides and increased debris-flow activity: A systematic comparison of six catchments in Switzerland

An increase in debris-flow frequency is expected in steep Alpine catchments after the occurrence of a large landslide, such as a rock avalanche. Herein we describe changes in debris-flow activity following increases in sediment availability due to landslides, or accelerated rock-glacier movement, for five catchments in the Swiss Alps, the Spreitgraben, Schipfenbach, Bondasca, Riascio, and Dorfbach catchments. Documentation on debris-flow activity is available from both before and after the landslide that generated the new sediment deposits. Data from nearby meteorological stations were used to explore possible changes in rainfall activity, and how the intensity and duration of rainfall events may have changed. In all cases there was a considerable increase in debris-flows frequency for one to eight years following the landslide. The annual number of days with debris-flow activity following the landslide was similar to that observed for the Illgraben catchment, where many such landslides occur annually. No clear change in precipitation totals preceding debris flows was apparent for the Riascio catchment, suggesting that the increase in frequency of debris flows is related to the increase in the amount of sediment that can be readily mobilized. In the two cases where rainfall data were available on an hourly basis, no systematic changes in the intensity or duration of rainfall related to debris-flow triggering were apparent, as shown by the close-clustering of storms on the intensity-duration plots. Following the sediment-generating event, an initial and sudden increase of the sediment yield was observed, followed by a decrease over time towards pre-disturbance values. The response of the catchments appears to be related to the amount of debris-flow activity prior to the landslide: sediment yield from catchments with frequent debris flows prior to the landslide activity did not increase as dramatically as in catchments where debris-flow activity was less common prior to the landslide. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Runoff generative process and runoff yield from arid talus mantled slopes

Previous works dealing with the influence of a stone cover on runoff yield showed that runoff, attributed to the sealing effect of the topsoil by raindrops impact, was negatively related to the per cent of stone cover and stone size. These works were conducted on gentle slopes (3–11·5 degree) with a per cent of stone cover generally lower than 50 per cent, and composed of gravels. The present study deals with the runoff yield of steep talus slopes (26–36 degree) whose per cent of stone cover is very high (90–100 per cent), composed of cobbles and boulders. Three stimulated rainstorms were performed at various rainfall. intensities and durations on each one of six plots representative of the North eastern sector of Sinai. Although the contiguous stony cover prevented surface sealing by raindrops impact, runoff developed quite quickly on most slopes, and reached at peak discharge, after approximately ten minutes, up to 56 per cent of the rainfall. Differences between plots, in time lag, peak discharge and other hydrological variables, could be attributed mainly to the properties of the upper stony layer, with stone size as the most influential factor. Contrary to previous works, a positive relationship, was obtained between stone size to runoff yield. The result is explained by the process of water concentration. Each cobble and boulder behaves, on a smaller scale, like a bare rocky surface and yields per unit area water amounts beyond the infiltration rate of the limited uncovered areas. For a given stony cover the effect of water concentration is quicker with the big blocks than with gravels. A series of graphs trying to relate theoretically the relative importance of sealing and water concentration processes in runoff generation, at various conditions of stone cover and stone size, is proposed. The graphs enable to reconcile the results of the present study with those of previous works.     

测井中子发生器

测井中子发生器作为中子源目前应用于地层岩性、孔隙度、含油饱和度及地层动态监测测井,是C/O测井、中子寿命测井、氧活化水流测井以及脉冲伽马能谱测井等仪器的核心部件.简要介绍了几种国外测井中子发生器的产品.阐述了测井中子发生器的工作原理、基本构成及关键技术.介绍了中国石油测井有限公司测井仪器厂研制生产的中子发生器产品系列.脉冲中子伽马测井是当前油田生产动态监测普遍采用的技术.介绍了实现宽频带、锐截止的技术途径以及目前所取得的成果.中子发生器产额的稳定性及开机重复率指标的提高将会极大拓宽其应用领域,尤其在使用同位素中子源的领域,可以替代同位素中子源发挥独到的优势.介绍了中国石油测井有限公司在中子发生器产额稳定方面所做的工作和取得结果,并列举了稳定产额后的中子发生器在元素分析领域所取得的成功试验.     

利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化

为了监测汶川地震后断裂带附近的波速变化,2008年6月,我们利用快速响应探测系统,在龙门山断裂带北端进行了为期3周的连续观测实验.实验使用电动落锤作为主动震源,GPS连续同步授时的高精度数采作为接收系统.利用记录到的高时间精度观测数据,结合互相关时延检测技术,计算了P波和面波走时的相对变化,来表征地下波速的变化.我们观测到两次面波波速的异常变化,变化幅度最高达到2%,远远大于气压变化所能引起的波速变化.结合该时段内地震活动记录,我们认为面波的波速变化是由在附近发生的两次地震事件的同震效应引起的,该观测结果同理论计算结果相符.     

Response analysis of a submarine cable under fault movement

Based on the performance of submarine cables in past earthquakes, an analytical method to determine cable performance under seabed fault movement is proposed in this paper. First, common types of earthquake damage to submarine cables are summarized, which include seabed displacement induced by fault movement, submarine landslides and seabed soil liquefaction, etc. The damage is similar to damage observed to buried pipelines following land earthquakes. The Hengchun earthquake of Dec. 26, 2006 is used as a case study. The M7.2 earthquake occurred in the South China Sea at 20:26 Beijing Time, and caused 14 international submarine cables to sever and break. The results show that the proposed method predicts damage similar to that observed in the Hengchun earthquake. Based on parametric studies of the influence of the water depth and the magnitude of the submarine earthquake, countermeasures to prevent damage to submarine cables are proposed.