Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O_3 and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part Ⅱ: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative effects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone effects on crops in farmland environment.     

Quaternary palaeoceanographic changes in the northern South China Sea (ODP Site 1146): radiolarian evidence

The abundance and accumulation rates of siliceous microfossils in the northern South China Sea, including radiolarians, diatoms and sponge spicules, increased during most glacial intervals within the past 1100 kyr. Similar trends are observed in the index of thermocline surface radiolarians (TSR), diatom accumulation rates (DAR), charcoal accumulation rates (CAR) and the abundance of radiolarian species Cycladophora davisiana davisiana. Decreasing sea‐surface temperature accompanied by increased seasonality since 900 ka is indicated by a decline in the tropical radiolarian assemblage, including Tetrapyle octacantha and Octopyle stenozona, and by an increase in the subtropical assemblage, including Pterocorys zancleus, Peromelissa phalacra and Ommatartuts tetrathalamus tetrathalamus. Rapid increases at about 800 to 700 ka of siliceous microfossils, charcoal, subsurface and intermediate radiolarians, as well as the TSR index and the DAR, imply a fundamental shift in climate and a shoaling thermocline. Although these fundamental changes in the silicious fauna and flora of the South China Sea take place within the context of a developing 100‐kyr cycle, they do not change in step with changing sea‐level as indicated by marine δ¹⁸O. This is most clearly illustrated by the step‐like increase in silica accumulation (radiolaria, diatoms and sponge spicules) at 680 ka. Rather, these fundamental changes probably reflect intensified surface productivity associated with enhanced East Asian winter‐monsoon circulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

播种深度和土壤水分对黄花补血草种子萌发的影响

 采集来自腾格里沙漠的黄花补血草种子,分别设置7个水分梯度（3.0%, 5.0%, 8.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%,18.0%,20%) 和6个播种深度（0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 cm）,进行黑暗（10～15 ℃）和光照(20～25 ℃)处理,研究水分、埋藏深度和温度对黄花补血草种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明：黄花补血草种子吸涨速率很快,在6 h种子吸水达到饱和;在土壤水分为3.0%～10.0%时,种子萌发率较高,当土壤水分达到20%时,萌发受到抑制;种子埋藏越深,萌发率越低,土壤水分太低或者太高,都不利于种子萌发。黄花补血草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳条件是：白天温度在25 ℃,夜间温度在15 ℃,土壤水分为10.0%,埋藏深度为0.5 cm时种子萌发率和出苗率最高。     

NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION SIGNATURES IN WESTERN IBERIAN TREE-RINGS

Exactly dated ring-width chronologies derived from Pyrenean oak and sweet chestnut trees growing in northern Extremadura, Spain, were evaluated for their potential as proxies for regional precipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation variability. The relationships among tree-rings, instrumental climatic records, and three versions of the NAO index were computed for different time subperiods over the last century. The results indicate that tree-ring records reflect, with variable intensity, both short-term and long-term variations in climate. Multiple correlation and regression analysis revealed that summer precipitation appeared to be the major factor affecting tree growth at inter-annual timescales. Moreover, since fluctuations in accumulated variability in annual rainfall over southwest Iberia are controlled by winter precipitation, the accumulated rainfall (August of the year n -1 to July of year n ) and winter NAO indices are also strongly correlated with tree-ring records at interdecadal timescales. This relationship appears to be especially strong during the second half of the 20th century, which is consistent with an increase of the NAO signal in the annual precipitation during the later part of the century. These results indicate that tree-rings from western Iberia are potential proxies of the NAO variability, useful to be included in palaeoclimatic model studies.     

夏、冬两季真鲷仔、稚、幼鱼消化酶活性的比较

通过夏、冬两季真鲷仔、稚、幼鱼蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的变化研究表明,夏、冬两季3种消化酶变化趋势基本相似。蛋白酶的活性冬季比夏季低1个数量级;淀粉酶的活性冬季比夏季低1倍左右;脂肪酶的活性冬季高于夏季,且一直维持在相对稳定的水平。结果表明,3种酶活性受温度影响外,冬季脂肪酶的高活性对鱼苗的生长、成活具有重要意义。     

High‐resolution diatom δ18O records,from the last 150 years,reflecting changes in amount of winter precipitation in two sub‐Arctic high‐altitude lakes in the Swedish Scandes

Waters from high‐altitude alpine lakes are mainly recharged by meteoric water. Because of seasonal variations in precipitation and temperature and relatively short hydraulic residence times, most high‐altitude lakes have lake water isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O_lake) that fluctuate due to seasonality in water balance processes. Input from snowmelt, in particular, has a significant role in determining lake water δ¹⁸O. Here we compare two high‐resolution δ¹⁸O_diatom records from lake sediments in the Swedish Scandes with instrumental data from the last century obtained from nearby meteorological stations. The time period AD 1900–1990 is characterised by an increase in winter precipitation and high winter/summer precipitation ratios and this is recorded in δ¹⁸O_diatom as decreasing trends. Lowest δ¹⁸O_diatom values and highest amount of winter precipitation are found around AD 1990 when the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index was above +2. We conclude that for the last 150 a the main factor affecting the δ¹⁸O_diatom signal in these sub‐Arctic high‐altitude lakes with short residence times has been changes in amount of winter precipitation and that δ¹⁸O_diatom derived from high‐altitude lakes in the Swedish Scandes can be used as a winter precipitation proxy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2020年1月初怀化一次罕见强对流天气过程分析

利用国家气象观测站常规探测数据、怀化区域自动雨量站和雷达数据以及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对怀化2020年1月初一次罕见的强对流天气过程进行了研究分析。结果表明:此次强对流天气在怀化南北部表现出不同的特征,中北部强对流天气属于高架对流类,南部属于斜压锋生类,且强度明显强于中北部;“上干下湿”特征、较强的下沉对流有效位能以及强的垂直风切变,有利于产生雷暴大风、冰雹等强对流天气;中北部受逆温层抑制作用,而南部与中北部相比具有更有利于强对流天气发生发展的水汽条件、辐合上升运动条件以及不稳定条件,这也是造成两者差异的主要原因。雷达分析表明,怀化南部发展较高的强回波单体是造成局地短时强降水出现的主要原因,超级单体导致出现冰雹,低仰角速度大值区预示着雷达大风的产生,风廓线中中层干侵入现象对强对流天气开始、结束有较好的指示意义。     

黄海晚冬一次持续性海雾天气的动力热力特征

利用常规资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、高分辨率可见光卫星云图资料,描述了2011年2月22-24日持续性海雾的发生范围、演变过程,分析了海雾发生前、发生时大气背景和物理量场;并利用环黄海北部的探空站、气象自动站资料对海雾发生时低层大气的温度、风、逆温特征进行了分析.结果表明:环黄海北部4个气象站中,各站出现海雾的特征不尽相同,既有以平流雾为主的、也有辐射雾为主的、还有平流雾和辐射雾共存的.对流层低层暖平流有助于保持逆温层、维持大气层结稳定;对流层低层偏南气流形成的水汽输送带和中层偏西气流水汽输送带的共同作用为大雾的形成和维持提供了水汽条件;夜晚低层辐合、高层辐散的动力分布有助于逆温层内弱的上升气流维持,对水汽凝结有利;白天低层辐散、高层辐合的动力分布有助于气流下沉,对稳定度和逆温的维持有利;负(冷)温度平流南下是大雾消散的动力热力因子.     

我国冬季气温异常对东亚季风和高原加热场的响应

根据我国618个气象台站的月平均气温、 海平面气压和青藏高原地面加热场强度距平指数资料等, 利用EOF和相关分析等方法, 分析了我国最近32个冬季气温异常特征及其对东亚冬季风和青藏高原地面加热场强度异常的响应。结果表明： 我国冬季气温异常的第一空间模态较好地反映了在全球变暖背景下全国一致增温的特征, 增温最显著的区域在河套; 第二空间模态则表现了冬季变暖过程中的东北区快西南区慢的反位相特点。冬季气温一致偏高的年份主要出现在1990年代及以后。分析认为, 全国大部分冬季气温的升高主要与东亚冬季风的关系密切, 东亚冬季风强度的整体减弱与赤道中东太平洋海温的升高存在一定的关系, 河套地区和东部沿海气温对东亚冬季风的响应最敏感; 冬季高原地面加热场强度的增强有利于我国新疆南部、 河套大范围地区和东部沿海地区冬季气温的降低。我国西南地区冬季气温呈现变暖的时间迟于全国其他地区。     

近56年我国暖冬气候事件变化

对冬季平均气温序列采用三分位方法确定单站暖冬阈值, 并将单站暖冬分为弱和强两个等级。以此为基础, 确定区域暖冬和全国暖冬的界定方法和等级划分标准。区域暖冬采用站点相对比例确定, 全国暖冬采用暖冬面积相对比例界定。对我国1952— 2007年的暖冬事件变化特征的分析结果表明:南方暖冬频率高于北方, 强暖冬多发区出现在我国中西部地区; 北方单站暖冬指数上升幅度大于南方, 表明北方暖冬事件上升趋势更加明显; 以1986年为界, 前期 (1952— 1985年) 南、北方各区域均很少出现暖冬, 南方各区暖冬频率略高于北方各区, 后期 (1986—2007年) 各区暖冬年大为增加, 北方各区增加最明显且超过了南方; 56年中, 全国性暖冬共发生15次 (年), 其中强暖冬共有5次 (年); 全国暖冬指数呈显著上升趋势, 在有效面积不变的情况下, 暖冬面积每10年增加10%。