淮北平原麦田机械化农事活动土壤湿度和降雨量指标

为确定麦田机械化农事活动实施的气象指标,利用多年农事活动与同期降水和土壤湿度观测记载资料,采用数理统计方法,确定了安徽淮北平原麦田主要机械化农事活动的土壤湿度和降雨量指标。结果表明,麦田适宜整地（施肥）、播种和收获活动的土壤相对湿度指标分别为578%～870%、643%～899%、≤467%。麦田土壤相对湿度在50%和55%时,一次降雨过程结束后,适宜进行整地（施肥）、播种和收获活动的雨量指标分别是10～25 mm、20～25 mm、≤3 mm和3～20 mm、5～25 mm、≤3 mm;麦田土壤相对湿度在70%和80%时,适宜整地（施肥）与播种活动的雨量指标分别为3～5 mm、3～10 mm和3 mm以下、5 mm以下,但麦田土壤相对湿度在80%以上时,发生任何量级的降雨后,均不适宜开展收获、整地(施肥)和播种活动。     

Parallel comparison of the northern winter stratospheric circulation in reanalysis and in CMIP5 models

A parallel comparison is made of the circulation climatology and the leading oscillation mode of the northern winter stratosphere among six reanalysis products and 24 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models. The results reveal that the NCEP/NCAR, NECP/DOE, ERA40, ERA-Interim and JRA25 reanalyses are quite consistent in describing the climatology and annual cycle of the stratospheric circulation. The 20 CR reanalysis, however, exhibits a remarkable"cold pole" bias accompanied by a much stronger stratospheric polar jet, similar as in some CMIP5 models. Compared to the1–2 month seasonal drift in most coupled general circulation models(GCMs), the seasonal cycle of the stratospheric zonal wind in most earth system models(ESMs) agrees very well with reanalysis. Similar to the climatology, the amplitude of Polar Vortex Oscillation(PVO) events also varies among CMIP5 models. The PVO amplitude in most GCMs is relatively weaker than in reanalysis, while that in most of the ESMs is more realistic. In relation to the "cold pole" bias and the weaker oscillation in some CMIP5 GCMs, the frequency of PVO events is significantly underestimated by CMIP5 GCMs; while in most ESMs, it is comparable to that in reanalysis. The PVO events in reanalysis(except in 20CR) mainly occur from mid-winter to early spring(January–March); but in some of the CMIP5 models, a 1–2 month delay exists, especially in most of the CMIP5 GCMs. The long-term trend of the PVO time series does not correspond to long-term changes in the frequency of PVO events in most of the CMIP5 models.     

晚秋前冬海洋性大陆区域向外长波辐射年际变化及其与云贵高原降水异常的联系

利用美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)向外长波辐射(OLR)月平均资料、欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)ERA-interim月平均再分析资料、全球降水气候中心(GPCC)降水资料及中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的中国756站逐日观测资料,通过定义一个海洋性大陆区域对流强度指数(I_OLR),分析了海洋性大陆区域(Maritime Continent,MC)近35年来11月—次年1月对流活动特征,并揭示了11月—次年1月海洋性大陆区域对流活动强度的年际变化与同期云贵高原降水的联系。结果表明:海洋性大陆区域对流活动除了有逐渐增强的趋势外,还存在3—5 a及8—10 a的振荡周期。当海洋性大陆区域对流活动偏弱(强)时,云贵高原西部降水偏少(多),东部降水偏多(少),高原东西部之间降水分布差异加大(减小)。引起云贵高原降水异常的原因有3个方面:一是在海洋性大陆区域与云贵高原间存在显著的异常垂直环流圈,当下沉(上升)支位于海洋性大陆区域时,上升(下沉)支将位于云贵高原地区。而云贵高原地形可能对云贵高原降水异常在东南部和西北部的差别的产生存在影响;二是海洋性大陆区域在对流层低层的辐散和对流层上层的辐合运动为热带和高原以东地区提供了异常的位涡强迫,直接导致对流层低层南海—孟加拉湾地区异常反气旋和对流层上层位于中国南方的异常气旋性环流的产生;三是由于海洋性大陆区域辐散运动作为位涡制造而激发的位涡扰动的能量从热带地区向云贵高原及其东侧频散并辐合,对云贵高原上空扰动异常的维持起到了重要作用。这些结果有利于深刻理解云贵高原冬季降水异常的形成机理以及为寻找降水异常预测因子提供了有用的线索。     

A New Circulation Index to Describe Variations in Winter Temperature in Southwest China

A new circulation index (I_SW) that can realistically describe winter temperature variations over Southwest China is defined based on analysis of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (version 1) and the observations at 585 stations in China. The study period is from January 1961 to February 2011. The relationship between I_SW and general circulation patterns in East Asia is also analyzed. Results show that I_SW successfully captures the variations in winter temperature over Southwest China. High I_SW values correspond to the intensified Mongolian high, the weakened Aleutian low, increases in the strength of the Middle East westerly jet stream over the south of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and decreases in the strength of the subtropical westerly jet over the north of the TP. Meanwhile, the East Asian trough deepens and extends southwestward, making it easier for the cold air mass from the north to intrude Southwest China along the trough. These circulation patterns lead to a decrease in winter temperature over Southwest China (and vice versa). In addition to the East Asian winter monsoon, the two westerly jets that dominate the upper level circulation over East Asia also exert important influences on winter temperature in Southwest China, especially the Middle East westerly jet to the south of the TP.     

2014/2015年东亚冬季风活动特征及其可能成因分析

2014/2015年东亚冬季风强度较常年同期略偏弱,季内冬季风强弱转换阶段性特征明显,初冬强度偏强,隆冬和后冬转为偏弱。受其影响,冬季全国大部分地区气温较常年同期偏高,但季内变化显著,初冬冷、隆冬和后冬暖。进一步研究表明,冬季风强度偏弱与2014年9月北极海冰范围偏大（去线性趋势）有关,前期北极海冰偏大不利于西伯利亚高压偏强,进而导致冬季风偏弱和冬季气温偏高。中部型尼尔尼诺(El Ni〖AKn~D〗o)和太平洋十年振荡(PDO)暖位相的配合是造成冬季风强度偏弱的另一个重要外强迫。PDO位相在El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件对东亚冬季风的影响中起调制作用,赤道中太平洋暖海温有利于偏南风距平控制我国东部及东部沿海地区,东亚冬季风强度偏弱,当PDO暖位相和El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件协同作用时,东亚地区大气环流对El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件的响应更加显著。东亚冬季风的季内变化则与大气对中部型El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件的响应过程有关。     

WRF、EC和T639模式在福建沿海冬半年大风预报中的检验与应用

基于福建省冬半年沿海和港湾岛屿自动站的逐时极大风观测资料和WRF(Weather Research and Forecast)、EC(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)细网格以及T639(TL639L60)三种模式预报的10 m 风场资料, 将模式预报的风向风速与观测资料进行对比检验, 结果表明: 福建省沿海冬半年大风的盛行风向以东北风为主, 大风的时空分布极为不均, 沿海风力的脉动性、跳跃性、局地性突出。从三种模式对风速风向的模拟效果来看, WRF 和EC 细网格的预报效果较好, 有可参考性, T639可参考性不高。对于风速, 模式预报结果相比实况极大风速偏小, 港湾岛屿代表站风速的平均绝对误差均小于沿海代表站, 预报平均误差由沿海向内陆逐渐减小, 由中部向南北逐渐减小。风向相比风速的预报效果要差, WRF 和EC 细网格的风向预报误差在45°～50°, 有一定的参考意义; 港湾岛屿代表站风向的平均绝对误差大于沿海代表站, 以浮标站的误差最大。当观测风速出现7 级及以上风速时, 若对大风进行分级检验, 则较低风速的预报平均绝对误差小于较高风速; 风向预报的平均绝对误差也大大降低, 且误差都在45°以内, 具有良好的参考性。     

基于卫星遥感的临沂市冬小麦种植时空变化特征分析

以临沂地区为研究区,基于Terra/MOD13Q1遥感植被数据产品,通过分析冬小麦的遥感光谱特征、物候历特征及其生物学特性,提取2009—2019年临沂地区冬小麦种植信息,利用GIS空间分析方法和统计分析方法分析了临沂冬小麦种植的时空分布变化规律。结果显示：1）空间上,近10年来临沂地区冬小麦种植面积在2 800～3 000 km2之间浮动,占整个地区土地面积的17%左右,总体变化较小,种植区域呈南多北少的分布格局,主要集中在兰陵、临沭和郯城;2）从冬小麦种植稳定度上看,连续种植冬小麦10 a及以上的区域,主要集中在兰陵和郯城,面积为1 638 km2,稳定度高,连续种植小于4 a的区域有1 914 km2,主要分布在莒南和费县,种植不稳定;3）时间上,冬小麦面积由2009年的2 838 km2增加到2019年的2 985 km2,变化幅度和年均变化率分别为5.5%和0.5%,呈缓慢增加趋势。本研究为临沂地区冬小麦种植的深入了解以及农业结构调整提供了较为准确、科学的参考依据。     

海南岛冬季暴雨的时空分布及大尺度环流场特征分析

利用海南岛气象观测站逐日降水整编资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts，ECMWF） ERA5再分析资料，分析了1991—2020年海南岛冬季暴雨的时空分布及环流特征。结果表明：海南岛冬季暴雨在月际分布（12月—次年2月）上存在较大差异性，降雨量级越大，差异越明显；在空间分布上也存在显著的地域性，东部地区发生频次最高，总体上呈现东多西少的分布特征。海南岛冬季暴雨的水汽输送主要以偏东方向为主，气流来自副高南侧的偏东气流和大陆冷高压东南侧的东北气流。海南岛冬季暴雨发生期间，相对气候平均态而言，偏东低空急流较为强劲，中南半岛南支槽形态明显，副高偏北偏西偏强，南亚高压西北向的出流偏强，且南海海域存在显著的海温正距平。     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O_3 and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part Ⅱ: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative effects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone effects on crops in farmland environment.     

Quaternary palaeoceanographic changes in the northern South China Sea (ODP Site 1146): radiolarian evidence

The abundance and accumulation rates of siliceous microfossils in the northern South China Sea, including radiolarians, diatoms and sponge spicules, increased during most glacial intervals within the past 1100 kyr. Similar trends are observed in the index of thermocline surface radiolarians (TSR), diatom accumulation rates (DAR), charcoal accumulation rates (CAR) and the abundance of radiolarian species Cycladophora davisiana davisiana. Decreasing sea‐surface temperature accompanied by increased seasonality since 900 ka is indicated by a decline in the tropical radiolarian assemblage, including Tetrapyle octacantha and Octopyle stenozona, and by an increase in the subtropical assemblage, including Pterocorys zancleus, Peromelissa phalacra and Ommatartuts tetrathalamus tetrathalamus. Rapid increases at about 800 to 700 ka of siliceous microfossils, charcoal, subsurface and intermediate radiolarians, as well as the TSR index and the DAR, imply a fundamental shift in climate and a shoaling thermocline. Although these fundamental changes in the silicious fauna and flora of the South China Sea take place within the context of a developing 100‐kyr cycle, they do not change in step with changing sea‐level as indicated by marine δ¹⁸O. This is most clearly illustrated by the step‐like increase in silica accumulation (radiolaria, diatoms and sponge spicules) at 680 ka. Rather, these fundamental changes probably reflect intensified surface productivity associated with enhanced East Asian winter‐monsoon circulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.