A laboratory study of directional spectra with maximum likelihood method-Ⅰ Developing wind wave

measurements by a circular array consisting of 18 wave gauges in a large wave tank, directional spectra of wind-generated waves in deep water are systematically determined by using maximum likelihood method The investigations reveal that the angular spreading of the wave energy is consistent with cos^2s(θ/2) proposed by Longuet-Higgins et al.(1963, Ocean Wave Spectra, 111-136), if the bimodal distributions of wave energy are not taken into account. Bimodality occurring on higher frequency than peak frequency is too rare to affect our whole resalts. Surprisingly, a much broader directional spreading than that of the field, which is interpreted by the strongly nonlinear energy transfer because of the very young waves in laboratory, is found. The parameter s depends on frequency in the same way as observed by Mitsuyasu et al.(1975, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5, 750-760) and Hasselmann et al.(1980, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10, 1264-1280) in the field, and the relationship between the four nondimensional parameters s_m, f_o, b₁ and b₂, determining the directional width, and ū₁₀ (corresponding to the inverse of wave age) are given respectively. The observed distributions are found to agree well with the suggestion of Donelan et al.(1985, Philosophical Transaction of Royal Society of London, A315, 509-562) when applied to field waves.     

Interdecadal Variations of ENSO Signals and Annual Cycles Revealed by Wavelet Analysis

Interdecadal variations of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals and annual cycles appearing in the sea surface temperature (SST) and zonal wind in the equatorial Pacific during 1950–1997 are studied by wavelet, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses. The typical timescale of ENSO is estimated to be about 40 months before the late 1970s and 48–52 months after that; the timescale increased by about 10 months. The spatial pattern of the ENSO signal appearing in SST also changed in the 1970s; before that, the area of strong signal spread over the extratropical regions, while it is confined near the equator after that. The center of the strongest signal shifted from the central and eastern equatorial Pacific to the South American coast at that time. These SST fluctuations near the equator are associated with fluctuations of zonal wiond, whose spatial pattern also shifted considerably eastward at that time. In the eastern equatorial Pacific, amplitudes of annual cycles of SST are weak in El Niño years and strong in La Niña years. This relation is not clear, however, in the 1980s and 1990s.     

采用卫星高度计资料分析南海风、浪的月平均特征

在分析1987—1988年两年间Geosat卫星高度计遥感资料的基础上,给出了南海海面月平均风速和月平均有效波高的分布,以及沿南海NE－SW向的风、浪年变化特征;并与船舶报资料作了对比分析,其结果显示该高度计遥感资料与常规资料（船舶报资料）基本一致。     

Dust in the disk winds from young stars as a source of the circumstellar extinction

We consider the problem of dust grain survival in the disk winds from T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars. For our analysis, we have chosen a disk wind model in which the gas component of the wind is heated through ambipolar diffusion to a temperature of ～10⁴ K. We show that the heating of dust grains through their collisions with gas atoms is inefficient compared to their heating by stellar radiation and, hence, the grains survive even in the hot wind component. As a result, the disk wind can be opaque to the ultraviolet and optical stellar radiation and is capable of absorbing an appreciable fraction of it. Calculations show that the fraction of the wind-absorbed radiation for T Tauri stars can be from 20 to 40% of the total stellar luminosity at an accretion rate ? _a = 10^?8-10^?6 M _⊙yr^?1. This means that the disk winds from T Tauri stars can play the same role as the puffed-up inner rim in current accretion disk models. In Herbig Ae stars, the inner layers of the disk wind (r ≤ 0.5 AU) are dust-free, since the dust in this region sublimates under the effect of stellar radiation. Therefore, the fraction of the radiation absorbed by the disk wind in this case is considerably smaller and can be comparable to the effect from the puffed-up inner rim only at an accretion rate of the order of or higher than 10^?6 M _⊙yr^?1. Since the disk wind is structurally inhomogeneous, its optical depth toward the observer can be variable, which should be reflected in the photometric activity of young stars. For the same reason, moving shadows from gas and dust streams with a spiral-like shape can be observed in high-angular-resolution circumstellar disk images.     

海上风电吸力基础在分层土中的沉贯特性研究综述

吸力基础与海洋工程大直径钢桩相比,具有成本低、安装周期短、对环境影响小、不受海况影响及可回收再利用等优点,近年来在海上风电工程中得到推广应用。吸力基础沉贯至海床预定位置,是其发挥承载力和确保服役稳定性的前提。海床地基土体常以分层土形式分布,且各层土体强度、压缩性和渗透性等存在显著差别,导致吸力基础吸力沉贯机理非常复杂。明确吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性,有助于指导吸力基础在海上风电工程中的推广应用。对目前吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性研究进行综述和总结,归纳了其沉贯机理研究进展,并对影响吸力基础在分层土中沉贯因素进行了分析;提出了分层土中吸力基础沉贯的研究方向和改进的沉贯方法。     

前期风场控制的太湖北部湖湾水动力及对蓝藻水华影响

为明确前期风场对太湖北部湖湾水动力及蓝藻水华分布的影响,对2008年9月梅梁湾及贡湖湾水文、水质及气象开展了同步观测,结果表明:受前期东北风影响,梅梁湾及贡湖湾表层、中层及底层湖流流向均顺风向自湾内流向湾外,两个湖湾均不存在补偿流.表层湖流对风场变化响应敏感,而中场及底层流场对风场变化响应存在显著滞时.在偏南风作用下,梅梁湾表层湖流能快速形成顺时针环流.在偏西风作用下,贡湖湾表层湖流流向虽未发生偏转,但是湖流流速显著减小并导致流速沿水体垂向呈递增分布.观测期间水动力强度对太湖北部湖区叶绿素a浓度垂向分层及蓝藻水华水平漂移均具有重要影响.在水动力滞缓水域,蓝藻水华易在水表发生漂移堆积.在水动力强度较大水域,强烈的垂向混合作用能使蓝藻沿水深方向混合均匀,降低水华暴发风险.相对于水动力条件,营养盐对叶绿素a浓度空间分布的影响较弱.     

太湖湖体水环境容量计算

针对太湖风生流的特点,提出考虑风向风速频率修正及污染带控制的水环境容量计算方法,建立了太湖水量水质数学模型,并结合水文水质资料对流场和浓度场进行模拟和验证.在控制单个污染带面积为1～3 km2,污染带总长度为湖岸线长度10%的基础上采用该方法进行计算,计算结果更可靠.太湖CODcr的水环境容量为132727 t/a,TN的水环境容量为7700 t/a.     

常规海面风预报质量检验的实现

常规海面风预报内容是“文字加字符”形式,实况数据是间隔均匀的数据序列,所以常规海面风预报无法像数值预报一样直接应用实况数据进行预报质量的检验评估。本文在详细调研全国海洋预报机构发布的海面风预报产品基础上,针对不同的常规预报内容,制定了一套客观、合理、标准化的处理方法,成功实现了对常规海面风预报的检验,并应用东海区实况数据对常规海面风预报进行了检验测试,通过对存在的问题进行研讨与论证,完善了检验评估规则,提升了其实用性、合理性和适用性。     

卫星高度计反演海面风速——模式函数与应用实例

对迄今为止国际上公开发表的１４ 种卫星高度计反演海面风速的模式函数进行了系统的分析和比较。在此基础上提出了一种“折中”模式函数,用于ＴＯＰＥＸ 资料海面风速反演效果良好。文中对高度计获取的全球海面风速分布特征进行了分析,最后探讨了改善海面风速模式函数反演精度的途径。     

普里兹湾沿岸下降风特征分析

根据2008年南极中山站的臭氧气球探空观测和塔层自动气象站数据,以及同时期的再分析资料,分析下降风(Katabatic wind)发生时的普里兹湾沿岸和东南极内陆地区的天气形势、中山站的边界层特征、气象要素的日变化规律。并利用对数风速廓线定律模拟中山站下降风,与实测值进行对比。个例研究表明,在晴朗的夜间或多云的白天,内陆地区冰面辐射冷却,导致气温降低,与普里兹湾沿岸地区的温度梯度大。此时内陆地区受高压控制,成为辐散中心,且高压的位置决定普里兹湾东岸和西岸的下降风强度。中山站的下降风出现在边界层低层,地面风速大,风向主要为东、东北东,导致强不稳定层结、气温和位温迅速降低。对数风廓线定律模拟中山站下降风的能力有限。