The magnetic field near Mars: A comparison between a hybrid model, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express observations

Mars Express (MEX) does not carry its own magnetometer which complicates interpretation of ASPERA-3/MEX ion measurements. The direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is especially important because it, among other things, determines the direction of the convective electric field and orientation of the cross tail current sheet and tail lobes. In this paper we present a case study to show the properties of the magnetic field near Mars in a quasi-neutral hybrid (QNH) model at the orbits where the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) has made measurements, present a method to derive the IMF clock angle by comparing fields in a hybrid model and the direction of the magnetic field measured by MGS by deriving the IMF clock angle. We also use H⁺ ring velocity distribution observations upstream of the bow shock measured by the IMA/ASPERA-3 instrument on board MEX spacecraft. These observations are used to indirectly provide the orientation of the IMF. We use a QNH model (HYB-Mars) where ions are modeled as particles while electrons form a mass-less charge neutralizing fluid. We found that the direct MGS and non-direct IMA observations of the orientation magnetic field vectors in non-crustal magnetic field regions are consistent with the global magnetic field draping pattern predicted by the global model.     

Variations of the magnetic field near Mars caused by magnetic crustal anomalies

The possible avenues for photoelectron transport were determined during southern hemisphere winter at Mars by using a mapping analysis of the theoretical magnetic field. Magnetic field line tracing was performed by superposing two magnetic field models: (1) magnetic field derived from a three-dimensional (3D) self-consistent quasi-neutral hybrid model which does not contain the Martian crustal magnetic anomalies and (2) a 3D map of the magnetic field associated with the magnetic anomalies based on Mars Global Surveyor magnetic field measurements. It was found that magnetic field lines connected to the nightside of the planet are mainly channeled within the optical shadow of the magnetotail whereas magnetic field lines connected to the dayside of the planet are observed to form the remainder of the magnetosphere. The simulation suggests that the crustal anomalies create “a magnetic shield” by decreasing the region near Mars which is magnetically connected to the Martian magnetosphere. The rotation of Mars causes periodic changes in magnetic connectivity, but not to qualitative changes in the overall magnetic field draping around Mars.     

Dependence of the Characteristics of Solar Wind Discontinuities and Shocks with Heliolatitude and Radial Distance

The distribution of the shocks in the heliosphere and their characteristic variations are investigated using Ulysses observations. The jumps in solar wind velocity, IMF magnitude, and proton density across the shocks and discontinuities are evaluated and used to characterize them. The distribution of these discontinuities with respect to heliolatitude ± 80° and with radial distance 1 to 5 AU are analyzed during solar minimum and solar maximum to understand their global behavior. It is noticed that the jumps in solar wind parameters associated with shocks and discontinuities are more prominent during the second orbit of Ulysses, which coincided with the maximum phase of solar activity.     

铧厂沟金矿床区域韧性剪切带特征

首次对铧厂沟金矿床区域韧性剪切带进行了较为系统的研究。根据野外地质调查和室内显微构造分析 ,区内发育一条较大区域韧性剪切带 ,无论沿走向还是顺倾向均呈舒缓波状 ,强变形带和弱变形域呈镶嵌形式。区域韧性剪切带经历了右行—左行—右行多期 (次 )活动 ,剪切方位也多次变化 ;早期形成温度约 5 0 0℃ ,以右行剪切为主 ,古应力值大于 0 .0 75GPa。控矿韧脆性剪切带是区域韧性剪切带演化的产物 ,最终形成脆性断裂。区域韧性剪切作用控制矿床、矿带的分布 ,并使部分金从矿源层分溢出来 ,产生第一阶段金的富集。次级韧脆性剪切带 (控矿剪切带 )控制富矿体的分布。因此 ,铧厂沟金矿床可称为韧性剪切带型金矿床。另外 ,中 -下泥盆统三河口群第一岩段第一岩层 (D1 -2 SH1a)部分原岩有明显海底热水同沉积特征 ;在矿床之西万家山—张家山应注意寻找硅化石英粗糜棱岩型金矿石。     

全新世时期北京-张家口地区与黄土高原地区风成系统的差异

近年来,中国北方的沙尘暴对北京地区的影响越来越受到人们的重视,从地质记录上分析研究北京—张家口地区沙尘暴的粉尘来源对确定重点治理区、改善北京地区的大气环境质量具有积极意义。黄土是地质时期沙尘暴形成的风成沉积物,其粒径分布蕴含了粉尘搬运过程中的大气环境信息,本文利用黄土-古土壤沉积的粒径分布特征,分析了北京—张家口地区和黄土高原地区风成系统的差异,并根据粉尘动力学原理,结合遥感信息揭示的地面风蚀痕迹,探讨了北京—张家口地区黄土粉尘的主要来源,指出北京—张家口地区和黄土高原地区分属不同的风成系统,有不同的粉尘源区和不同的大气动力条件。北京—张家口地区大气动力强度大,粉尘源区近,粉尘主要来自阴山以北的内蒙古苏尼特右旗—二连浩特方向,与浑善达克沙地关系不大,也与黄土高原地区主要粉尘物源区不同     

信阳-周党地区龟梅断裂带的右行剪切及其构造意义

通过对龟梅断裂带的深入研究发现,龟梅断裂带在三叠纪的陆-陆碰撞后叠加了右行走滑剪切作用,估算剪切带古差异应力为48.58MPa。剪切作用开始时间为约220Ma。松潘—甘孜板块的构造介入,可能是右行剪切作用形成的直接原因。     

构造-蚀变岩相填图方法在南秦岭汉阴黄龙金矿中的应用

随着新一轮全国危机矿山找矿工作的开展,低成本、高效率的就矿找矿理论和方法对于一些老矿区的深部和外围找矿尤为重要。矿区构造-蚀变岩相填图的范围就是矿区勘查范围,在填图过程中把控岩构造、控矿构造、矿化蚀变等信息作为填图重点,以矿区地质图为底图,把野外填图过程中收集到的有关控矿构造、矿化蚀变等信息分期次,分不同特征等标示在底图上,形成控岩控矿构造实际材料图,在实际材料图基础上,编制矿区构造-蚀变岩相图,从而寻找主要的控矿构造和与矿化密切相关的蚀变岩相带,并为下一步矿区外围和深部找矿、工程布置提供靶区依据。黄龙金矿区位于扬子板块北缘南秦岭构造带,矿区志留系梅子垭组地层经历了多期构造变形,并叠加有区域变质和热液变质作用。本研究采用构造-蚀变岩相填编图的方法,在矿区填编出了3条脆-韧性剪切带和黑云母变斑晶化、硅化等蚀变岩相带,并认为脆-韧性剪切带、黑云母变斑晶化带、硅化带及蚀变岩相叠加带等蚀变与金矿体存在密切关系,是矿区下一步外围及深部找矿的重点靶区。     

细粒含量对冰碛土抗剪强度影响的实验研究

为研究细粒组颗粒在浸水/降雨条件下产生迁移对冰碛土抗剪强度的影响,从西藏林芝市帕隆藏布嘎隆寺沟流域内采取冰碛土样品,进行7种不同细粒（粒径小于2 mm）含量情况下的冰碛土比重和相对密度的测试,开展了不同围压下的大型饱和固结不排水三轴（CU）实验。结果表明：（1）细粒含量对干密度的影响较小,不同细粒含量的冰碛土孔隙比大致相同,细颗粒对孔隙具有改造作用,不同细粒含量会引起孔隙结构的差异,从而导致冰碛土的结构差异,最终导致抗剪强度的不同;（2）细颗粒迁移导致冰碛堤坡脚和内部一定深度细粒含量较高,达到一定的量值时,抗剪强度明显降低,冰碛堤容易发生剪切破坏;（3）细粒含量对抗剪强度参数的变化具有重要影响,从中还可以反映出冰碛土结构控制的变化：粗颗粒控制→粗细颗粒共同控制→细颗粒控制。研究结果对于评价冰碛堤的稳定性具有重要意义。     

新资深大断裂变质带特征、成因及活动演化

在前人研究成果和野外调查基础上,对新资深大断裂变质带特征进行系统总结,从宏观构造、显微构造与组构、岩石矿物学、年代学和地球化学等多学科角度综合研究,分析了新资断裂带各类岩石组构成因,并建立了其活动演化期次。新资深大断裂变质带构造岩主要包括定向组构系列岩石和块状系列岩石,主要是由早期的韧性变形变质作用阶段和晚期的脆性破碎作用阶段先后作用形成。越城岭岩体西侧规模巨大的花岗片麻岩带应属新资深大断裂变质带的一部分,属早期活动的产物,其原岩为越城岭岩体,为断裂变质和动力热流变质作用形成。韧性剪切系列岩石按变形变质强度可分为高温高压韧性剪切带和中温高压韧性剪切带,表明韧性剪切作用具有多期性。新资断裂带活动演化主要经历了四个阶段,始于加里东期,至喜山期均有活动,现在的新资断裂带是经过多个阶段不同类型变质作用由东向西不断迁移和相互叠加的结果。