HY-2 扫描辐射计风速数据产品与平台基观测数据的比较研究

基于南海北部PY30-1平台上2012年2月至9月测风仪观测的风速数据,开展了HY-2扫描辐射计风速数据比较研究。选取时空匹配窗口为5 min和25 km,利用HY-2扫描辐射计RM 100,70和35 km分辨率3种风速数据,分别与平台观测数据进行了比较。比较结果表明:在南海北部海域,HY-2扫描辐射计100 km分辨率风速和平台观测风速的均方根偏差为3.86 m/s;70 km分辨率风速和平台观测风速的均方根偏差为10.52 m/s;35 km分辨率风速和平台观测风速的均方根偏差为5.54 m/s。还进一步比较了有雨和无雨两种情况下HY-2扫描辐射计和平台数据的偏差,结果表明:有雨和无雨条件下都是100 km分辨率的数据偏差最小。这为在我国南海北部海域应用HY-2扫描辐射计的风速数据产品的选择提供了依据。     

风廓线雷达垂直径向速度应用初探

利用北京风廓线雷达五波束探测中的垂直波束资料,进行了垂直速度在预报中的应用研究。通过对垂直速度的分级显示,配合地面气象记录,对不同的天气个例进行分析,结果表明:平稳晴空的天气风廓线雷达所测量的垂直速度很小,基本上在±1m·s~(-1)范围内;而有降水时,风廓线雷达所测得边界层的垂直速度基本上都是朝向地面的,不同相态降水粒子的垂直下落速度有明显的差别。分析表明风廓线雷达垂直速度的探测对研究晴空大气的垂直运动、判断降水粒子相态和降水预报有应用价值。     

QuikSCAT和ASCAT卫星反演风场在中国南海北部的适用性研究

对QuikSCAT和ASCAT原始轨道10 m反演风场与浮标资料在中国南海北部的统计检验分析结果表明:两套卫星资料在中国南海北部具有较好的适用性,QuickSCAT反演风速偏高0.46 m·s~(-1),ASCAT反演风速在近海偏高0.45 m·s~(-1),在开阔海域偏高0.07 m·s~(-1)。超过半数的QuickSCAT反演风向误差30°。在近岸海域,ASCAT反演风向误差30°的超过56%,在开阔海域,误差绝对值30°的达到64%。小风时卫星反演风速偏大,大风时卫星反演风速明显偏小,且白天的偏差大于夜间;在5~10 m·s~(-1)风速条件下,两者的一致性较好。用WRF模式模拟的近海风能资源存在高估的可能,卫星资料对近海风能资源评估是个有益的补充,本文对卫星反演风场误差的分析结果也可以为卫星反演风场的资料同化提供参考。     

Evidence from the Historical Record to Support Projection of Future Wind Regimes: An Application to Canada

In the field of climate change impact analysis, bidirectional changes in projections of future wind regimes varying among studies, locations, and models have been described in the literature, which is understandable from a global perspective. However, we should attempt to find evidence in the historical record to support these projections. This paper attempts to address this issue by analyzing historical wind gust observations for up to 57 years (1953–2009) over Canada. Two wind gust analysis techniques were used: the speed of daily wind gust events ≥50?km?h^?1 was compared with (1) the climatological daily temperature anomaly and (2) the climatological daily sea level air pressure anomaly. In addition, the frequency of daily wind gust events ≥90?km?h^?1 was compared with both daily temperature and pressure anomalies. The results indicate that during the past five decades gust wind speed over Canada increased significantly as the daily temperature anomaly increased and the daily pressure anomaly decreased. About 50–60% of daily wind gust events ≥90?km?h^?1 occurred with positive daily temperature anomalies and negative daily pressure anomalies. One major conclusion is that the methods used in and results derived from this study might be applied to climate change impact analysis to support projections of future wind regimes.     

新疆克拉玛依强下坡风暴的机理研究

利用美国中尺度数值模式 WRF 对2013年3月7—8日克拉玛依强风进行了模拟,对下坡风发生、发展和结束3个阶段的三维结构特征进行了分析,并由此提出克拉玛依强下坡风的形成机制模型：上游地区出现中高层西南风、低层西北风并伴有强冷平流的配置,当风速不断增大时,气流能够翻越加依尔山在背风坡侧形成重力波,重力波相位向气流上游方向倾斜产生非线性效应,促进了波不稳定区域的形成并导致波破碎,形成湍流活跃层,不断把上层的能量向下传播;克拉玛依中低层形成三层夹心的大气层结稳定度分布,出现明显的过渡气流带从而导致强下坡风的形成;南北风分量在低层和中层符号相反,形成了临界层,不断吸收上层波能量并向地面传送,强下坡风暴不断维持发展。最后利用2006—2012年克拉玛依33个强下坡风过程中的探空观测资料对提出的形成机制进行了验证。     

Spectrum Analysis of Wind Profiling Radar Measurements

Unlike previous studies on wind turbulence spectrum in the planetary boundary layer, this investigation focuses on high-altitude （1-5 km） wind energy spectrum and turbulence spectrum under various weather conditions. A fast Fourier transform （FFT） is used to calculate the wind energy and turbulence spectrum density at high altitudes （1-5 km） based on wind profiling radar （WPR） measurements. The turbulence spectrum under stable weather conditions at high altitudes is expressed in powers within a frequency range of 2 × 10-5-10-3 s-1, and the slope b is between -0.82 and -1.04, indicating that the turbulence is in the transition from the energetic area to the inertial sub-range. The features of strong weather are reflected less obviously in the wind energy spectrum than in the turbulence spectrum, with peaks showing up at different heights in the latter spectrum. Cold windy weather appears over a period of 1.5 days in the turbulence spectrum. Wide-range rainstorms exhibit two or three peaks in the spectrum over a period of 15-20 h, while in severe convective weather conditions, there are two peaks at 13 and 9 h. The results indicate that spectrum analysis of wind profiling radar measurements can be used as a supplemental and helpful method for weather analysis.     

Assessment of the dynamic behaviour of saturated soil subjected to cyclic loading from offshore monopile wind turbine foundations

The fatigue life of offshore wind turbines strongly depends on the dynamic behaviour of the structures including the underlying soil. To diminish dynamic amplification and avoid resonance, the eigenfrequency related to the lowest eigenmode of the wind turbine should not coalesce with excitation frequencies related to strong wind, wave and ice loading. Typically, lateral response of monopile foundations is analysed using a beam on a nonlinear Winkler foundation model with soil–pile interaction recommended by the design regulations. However, as it will be shown in this paper, the guideline approaches consequently underestimate the eigenfrequency compared to full-scale measurements. This discrepancy leads the authors to investigate the influence of pore water pressure by utilising a numerical approach and consider the soil medium as a two-phase system consisting of a solid skeleton and a single pore fluid. In the paper, free vibration tests are analysed to evaluate the eigenfrequencies of offshore monopile wind turbine foundations. Since the stiffness of foundation and subsoil strongly affects the modal parameters, the stiffness of saturated soil due to pore water flow generated by cyclic motion of monopiles is investigated using the concept of a Kelvin model. It is found that the permeability of the subsoil has strong influence on the stiffness of the wind turbine that may to some extent explain deviations between experimental and computational eigenfrequencies.     

多种风电场风速预报订正方法的适用性研究与集成应用

以内蒙古中部某风电场为实验风电场,采用随机森林（Random forest,RF）方法、相似误差订正（Analogue correction of errors,ACE）方法以及概率密度匹配方法（Probability density function matching method,PDF）分别对风电场风速预报进行订正及适用性研究。结果表明：3种方法在各季均对中尺度天气预报模式（Weather research and forecasting model, WRF）风速预报具有不同程度的订正效果,RF方法可以有效改善WRF误差较大的问题,但兼具误差过分放大情况,ACE方法和PDF虽然对较大误差的改善能力不及RF方法,但是能够较好地控制误差过分放大问题。此外,3种方法针对小于5 m·s^-1的小风速段,订正效果不理想,随着风速的增加,订正能力逐渐增强。参照预报模型各自的优势,尝试开展多种预报模型的分风速等级集成应用,可以对不同风速等级下的WRF预报起到较好的改善作用。     

农田近地表风沙流风程效应变化特征研究

风沙流的风程效应研究是定量获取风沙流沿程变化的核心和难点,风程效应是指输沙率随沙床表面或地块长度的增加而不断增大,而后趋于稳定的变化特征,饱和输沙率（f_max）和饱和路径长度（L_sat）是风程效应的重要参数。采用自动连续称重式集沙仪,以河北坝上地区康保县境内典型旱作农田为研究对象,观测了2017、2018年和2021年内4次典型风蚀事件,分析近地表5 cm高度风沙流的风程效应在5 min时间尺度下的变化特征。结果表明：（1） 近地表输沙通量随风程距离的增大而增大。（2） 4次风蚀事件中L_sat的变化范围在11~280 m之间,并存在明显差异,其变化与风速无关。（3） 近地表风沙流的f_max与风速（U）呈幂函数关系。（4） 风程效应的变化特征与地表可蚀性因子、地表微地貌变化有着紧密联系,未来应对不同的土壤类型和质地农田的风程效应进行深入研究。     

韩国济州岛柑橘园景观与空间分布演变（1526—2019年）

韩国济州岛的柑橘园景观具有重要的文化遗产价值,是当地人利用济州岛特殊的气候、水文、植被环境所塑造的独特农业景观。16世纪朝鲜王朝建立柑橘进贡制度,济州官府设置柑橘园,此后至今,济州岛柑橘园区域分布与地理景观都呈现较大变迁。文章结合气候、水资源等自然因素与韩国柑橘产业政策、市场、社会变化与技术进步等人文因素,分析16世纪以来济州岛柑橘园景观与空间分布变化,探讨济州岛柑橘生产空间变迁原因与驱动力。结果显示：16世纪至2019年,济州岛柑橘生产经历了发展、没落、强力复兴的大起大落发展历史,呈现从北到南的生产空间大迁移,柑橘生产空间逐渐扩大。济州岛的柑橘园生产经历从朝鲜时期的官府果园到现代观光体验农场的转变。柑橘生产空间变迁与地理景观变化的原因与驱动力较复杂,水资源是影响朝鲜时期柑橘园分布的主要自然因素。社会制度、交通与市场是16世纪以来影响柑橘园生产空间扩展的主要人文因素,在近500年的柑橘生产空间发展变迁的过程中,人文因素不断加强,影响柑橘空间与地理景观的优化调整。20世纪70年代以来,水资源开发技术的进步改变了现代柑橘园生产空间分布格局。对济州岛柑橘园长时段的生产空间与地理景观变化及其作用机制的研究,可以为中国传统柑橘栽培地区打造具有地方特色柑橘园文化景观与民俗、文化产品,以及中国柑橘产业的升级发展提供参考。