荣河故城城址考正与1556 年华县大震

荣河县是历史上山西省南部一个古行政管辖区, 由于社会和历史变迁, 当时荣河县城的准确地理位置现在已不清楚, 以致错把现今的荣河镇当成了昔日的荣河城。通过史记查寻与现代测绘地形图的判读以及有关史料的综合分析, 从多个方面证实, 在现荣河镇西南黄河东岸河漫滩上残留的古城遗迹是当年的荣河县城。新考证的荣河故城同历史上秦、晋、豫三省交界的蒲洲等古城一样, 都位于黄河河漫滩之上, 有着相同的地貌、水文地质和工程地质条件。从荣河、蒲洲等城址自身地质条件的好坏、抗震性能优劣、1556 年华县地震时遭受的破坏程度以及它们彼此间的相对位置来分析, 1556 年华县大地震的宏观震中位置不应在蒲州— 永济地区,仍可能在华县一带。     

长江三角洲7000年来的环境变迁

上海马桥遗址14C测年、环境地球化学、孢粉与环境磁学分析,结合搜集的研究区部分考古地层与自然地层分析,结果表明,7 200 aBP~5 300 aBP研究区经历一次海退过程,大面积土地裸露,为良渚时期人类活动提供了广阔空间。该期适宜的气候使当时人类活动频繁,文化发达,出现前所未有的玉器文化。良渚文化后期气候向干冷转化,导致一次大范围的洪泛期,使良渚文化衰落。考古地层、自然洪积层以及与建湖庆丰剖面气候曲线分析表明,研究区洪泛期与气候转型期相一致。考古地层与自然地层对比研究认为,洪水事件是研究区存在多期文化断层的重要原因。     

风蚀作用下的土壤碳库变化及在中国的初步估算

土壤有机碳库储量巨大且在表层富集 ,而风力侵蚀具有巨大的卷挟起沙、搬移输运和空间再分配能力 ,对土壤有机碳库的演变具有重要影响。在风力侵蚀作用下 ,风蚀发生地、风蚀土壤输运途中以及风蚀土壤沉降地的土壤有机碳库有着不同的变化过程。基于质量平衡原理 ,可以建立土壤有机碳流失及各路径碳输移量估算的模型。依据第二次全国遥感侵蚀调查以及第二次全国土壤普查数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,分析了中国土壤有机碳库以及风力侵蚀的空间格局 ,并计算得到风力侵蚀作用下中国土壤有机碳库储量变化以及各路径碳输移量。研究表明 ,我国因风力侵蚀造成的土壤有机碳流失量约为 5 9 76× 10 6 tC/yr,风蚀所致CO2 排放约为 2 9 88× 10 6 tC/yr;风蚀所致的土壤有机碳流失主要发生在中国西北部的干旱半干旱的农区和牧区     

科尔沁沙地奈曼旗近5年来风况及合成输沙势

应用奈曼沙漠化研究站1998-2002年的气象资料, 统计分析了奈曼旗近5a来的风况特征和输沙势。结果表明: ①研究区3~5月起沙风发生频数最高, 占全年起沙风的38%~58%; 平均风速和最大风速值最大, 分别为6.0~7.5m·s^-1和9.5~16.9m·s^-1。该风况特征与地表冻融、裸露、干旱疏松相耦合, 形成了区内的风沙活动期。②在风沙活动期内, 风环境基本为锐双峰风况, 西北风居主导地位, 频数占54%; 南风和西南风次之, 频数占38%。③在风沙活动期内, 研究区属于高风能环境, 合成输沙势RDP为66.3VU(风速以m·s^-1为单位), 合成输沙方向RDD为ESE113°。     

Local Similarity Relationships of Non-Dimensional Wind and Temperature Gradient in the Tower-Layer Atmosphere over Beijing City

Micrometeorological data for wind and temperature from a 325 m high tower in Beijing City are analyzed by use of local similarity theory. Non-dimensional wind and temperature gradients, Фm and Фh, are determined by three techniques called, respectively, eddy-correlation, mean profiles and inertia-subrange cospectra (ISC) method for a wide range of atmospheric stratification from unstable to stable conditions. Average dissipation rate Фε of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is evaluated from u-spectrum, as a quantity required in the last technique. Ratio of the eddy transfer coefficients. α (= Kh / Km,), is calculated from Фm and Фh estimations. The results from various techniques are compared with each other and with some available empirical results in the tower-layer. It is shown that the empirical relationships determined by mean profiles and ISC methods in the tower-layer turbulence are in agreement with each other and with some other results.     

Study of site effects in the area of Nocera Umbra (Central Italy) during the 1997 Umbria-Marche seismic sequence

During the M_L = 5.6 and 5.8 earthquakes occurredin central Italy on 26 September 1997 the historiccentre of Nocera Umbra, lying on top of a 120 m highhill, was diffusely damaged (VII-VIII degrees of MCSintensity). Some recently built houses in the modernpart of the town suffered an even higher level ofdamage. A temporary seismic array was deployed toinvestigate a possible correlation between localamplifications of ground motion in this area and theobserved pattern of damage. After a geologic andmacroseismic survey, eight sites were selected asrepresentative of different local conditions, such astopographic irregularities, sharp hard-to-softlithology transitions, alluvium-filled valleys, andboth undisturbed and deformed rocks.Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios for bothmicrotremor and earthquake recordings, as well asspectral ratios referred to undisturbed rock sites,were used to quantify local variations of groundmotion. In spite of the diffuse damage in the historiccentre of Nocera Umbra, a small amplification isobserved at the stations on the hill's top. Thissuggests that the higher vulnerability of the ancientbuildings mainly accounts for the diffuse damage inthat part of the town. In the frequency band ofengineering interest (1 to 10 Hz) the largestamplifications of ground motion are found at softsites: in the Topino river valley, where many episodesof severe structural damage occurred, spectralamplification is significant over a broad frequencyband ranging from 2 Hz to more than 20 Hz. Inparticular, in the central part of the valley highamplification (> 4) is found from 3 to 10 Hz,reaching a maximum of 20 around 4 Hz. At the edge ofthe valley, close to the soil-to-rock transition,amplification is as large as 10 in a frequency bandranging from 4 to more than 20 Hz. A significantamplification (by a factor of 10 around 10 Hz) isobserved also at one of the rock sites, possibly dueto the presence of a cataclastic zone related to theactivity of a regional fault that altered themechanical properties of the rock.     

Complex site effects and building codes: Making the leap

The engineering community is aware of the importance of site effects, but it lags behind seismological studies when it comes to incorporating site effect considerations in design spectra for seismic norms. This lag is reflected in the conspicuous fact that current building codes make allowance for 1D site effects but ignore complex site effects. The purpose of this paper is to explore a way for including complex site effects in a building code environment. We take as example Eurocode 8, which is a modern code that exemplifies the current approach to site effect consideration. We examine the restrictions that we have imposed to make the problem of a feasible size and discuss the approach we have taken. We propose a strategy to incorporate a class of complex site effects in a design elastic spectrum.     

渤海悬浮颗粒物的三维输运模式 I.模式

为了长时间,大范围研究渤海中悬浮物的输运规律,研究应用并改造了备国汉堡大学的粒子追踪悬浮物输运的三维模式,模式中考虑了风、气压等气象要素以外海传入的潮波作用下的三维正压海流对悬浮颗粒物的输运．同时考虑了悬浮颗粒物的学降及再悬浮机制和底质中的细颗粒物的运动,将风浪的作用引入了悬浮物输运的计算,数值模式应用的粒五追踪方法,能较好地反映悬浮物浓度的迅速变化。     

江苏金坛新石器时代环境变迁研究

对江苏金坛三星村新石器遗址ＪＳ９８Ｔ０８２０号探坑南壁剖面进行采磁,对样品帮了粒度、地球化学、孢粉、微体古生物（有孔虫和介形类）等环境替代指标的测定与分析,并据此初步研究和恢复了该区新石器时代古定变状况,得出以下几点认识：（１０地球化学分析结果本区知全新世以来,气候有从暖湿向干冷变化的总趋势。（２）Ｐ２Ｏ５的含量在马家浜墓葬层和崧泽文化层可达生土层的５～６倍,充分反映了当时人类活动日益频繁,同时也     

关于风浪预报公式和风区宽度的注记

从定常波的风浪波高随风距成长的预报公式出发 ,在一定条件下 ,导出各波向上风浪波高分量与该波向上的风距之间的关系 ,以便在不规则风区上推算风浪波高和平均波向 ;同时 ,对风区宽度作了定量化的分析。