加权路网分层的最优路径计算

为了弥补传统分层算法在平面最短路径计算中对出行者出行习惯考虑不充分的缺陷,该文提出了一种分层算法的优化策略,即加权路网分层:首先运用层次分析法计算选定的道路属性的权值,对道路属性权值进行组合相加,进而确定道路权值,然后根据确定的分层阈值对路网进行分层,最后运用双向A*算法进行试验,并与传统的分层路网计算结果进行比较。实验结果表明,加权分层策略充分考虑了出行者的出行习惯,能够适用于路径导航中的最优路径计算,具有可行性与实用性。     

高分辨率遥感影像海岛礁地理信息自动变化检测方法

基于高分辨率遥感影像的海岛礁地理信息变化检测可用于普查海岛礁地理信息变化,从而为海岛礁开发利用、海洋资源保护、海洋经济发展及国防建设等提供参考。本文提出一种基于马尔科夫随机场的海岛礁地理信息自动变化检测方法,通过典型相关分析和马尔科夫随机场模型相结合的方法,提取变化区域。并以西沙赵述岛为实验区域进行方法验证。实验证明这一方法可以有效地提取海岛礁地理信息发生变化的区域。     

基于反距离夹角加权算法的地理信息空间内插方法的探讨

文献[1]认为反距离夹角加权空间内插方法能减弱甚至消除已知样本点在内插点全圆方位上分布不均及疏密不匀对内插值的影响,保证内插值接近近点值,将广泛应用在建立DEM及图像处理等地理空间信息数据内插中。本文通过理论分析和实例验证发现:只有当点位分布完全符合文献[1]中的情况时,内插结果才比较好;反之,该方法违背了美国地理学家W.R.Tobler提出的地理学第一定律。距离待插值点近的点权反而小;距离远的点权反而大,因此,该方法不具有普适性和推广性,其理论仍待完善。     

空间数据库课程链式教学模式改革及资源共建

从大学专业课教学实际需求出发,以地理信息科学专业空间数据库课程为例,改革建立更能调动学生学习主动性及整体意识的链式教学模式,进行具体的教学资源的共享共建,促使教学的过程及成果在整个课程体系中能承前启后。结合空间数据库课程自身的特点,充分发挥其连接前期原理类基础课程,服务于后续具体的应用分析及业务系统建设的特点,进行链式教学模式改革及相关课程的资源共建。通过与前后课程教学环节的衔接,增强相关课程学习的综合应用能力以及对本课程的充分理解能力,提高学生的学习兴趣和实际动手能力。     

中国产业能耗的区域差异与区域联系

选取能源指标刻画中国区域能耗特征,揭示产业能耗的区域差异,并将30个省市、自治区划分为都市消费型、重型出口型、轻型出口型、能源基地型、中等能耗型和低能耗型6种能源利用类型。通过评估2007年各类型区域之间的隐含能源转移量,明确区域在隐含能源流中的位置,揭示产业能耗的区域联系。基于区域间投入产出分析与地域分工理论,分析中国产业能耗区域差异和区域联系现象的形成机制,可归因于区域产业分工与产业链分工,以及由此产生的最终产品与中间产品贸易,其中,区域参与产业链分工格局与区域间隐含能源流动格局基本匹配。最后为不同类型区域提出政策建议。     

A method for delineating a hierarchically networked structure of urban landscape

We developed a new approach combining statistical and graphical methods to build a hierarchically networked structure for understanding spatial characteristics of urban landscapes at multiple scales. Natural breaks optimization algorithm is applied to determine the optimal number of urban land hierarchies and assign discrete patches into ordered sub-groups according to a selected geometric or functional attribute. Patches contained in a sub-group are linked to the patches in the next sub-group according to the spatial relationships between the patch centroids and Voronoi cells. The conceptual foundations and technical details of this approach are elaborated in the case study of building a hierarchically networked structure of urban built-up patches in Beijing. This approach can be applied to quantify landscape patterns of other land uses to facilitate assessments of interconnection between various types of land uses at varied hierarchical levels (spatial scales) and to evaluate ecological service functions of urban built infrastructures.     

Bidding and performance in multiple unit combinatorial fishery quota auctions: Role of information feedbacks

This article explores the role of market information and learning in multiple unit combinatorial markets for fishing quota. Combinatorial auctions allow trading of packages of different types of quotas (for example for different regions or industry) in the same auction market. Bidders can submit package bids which would allow them to enjoy synergy benefits. However, to realize the full benefit bidders require comprehensive understanding of the market. This article focuses on the impact of varying levels of information feedback on performance in multiple unit forward combinatorial auctions using laboratory experiments. In a general context of trade in fishery quota, it was asked whether (a) providing additional market information and (b) learning through time helps in more efficient outcomes. It is found that much of the benefits of information are derived from structural effects, like repeated rounds and package valuations. Providing additional market information does not improve auction performances to a large extent. These results will be useful in designing more efficient combinatorial markets for fisheries quota.     

A systematic investigation of cross-validation in GWR model estimation: empirical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations

In geographically weighted regression, one must determine a window size which will be used to subset the data locally. Typically, a cross-validation procedure is used to determine a globally optimal window size. Preliminary investigations indicate that the global cross-validation score is heavily influenced by a small number of observations in the dataset. At present, the ramifications of this behaviour in cross-validation are unknown. The research reported here explores the extent to which individual and groups of observations impact optimal window size determination, and whether one can explain why some points are more influential than others. In addition, we strive to examine the impact neighbourhood specification has on model quality in terms of predictive capabilities and the ability of the method to retrieve spatially varying processes. The analysis is based on several datasets and using simulated data in order to compare and validate results. The results provide some practical guidelines for the use of cross-validation.

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Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A model for daily flows of intermittent streams

A stochastic model for synthetic data generation is not available in the literature for daily flows of intermittent streams. Such a model is required in the planning and operation of structures on an intermittent stream for purposes where short time flow fluctuations are important. In this study a model is developed for such a case. The model consists of four steps: determination of the days on which flow occurs, determination of the days on which a flow increment occurs, determination of the magnitude of the flow increment, and calculation of the flow decrement on days when the flow is reduced. The first two steps are modelled by a three‐state Markov chain. In the third step, flow increments on the rising limb of the hydrograph are assumed to be gamma distributed. In the last step an exponential recession is used with two different coefficients. Parameters of the model are estimated from the observed daily stream flow data for each month of the year. The model is applied to a daily flow series of 35 years' length. It is seen that the model can preserve the short‐term characteristics (the ascension and recession curves and peaks) of the hydrograph in addition to the long‐term characteristics (mean, variance, skewness, lag‐one and higher lag autocorrelation coefficients, and zero flow percentage). The number of parameters of the model can be decreased by fitting Fourier series to their annual variation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.