δO of carbonate, quartz and phosphate from belemnite guards: implications for the isotopic record of old fossils and the isotopic composition of ancient seawater

Belemnite guards of Cretaceous and Jurassic age were found to contain varying amounts of quartz deposited both on the external surface and inside the rostrum. The oxygen isotopic composition of coexisting carbonate, quartz and phosphate from the same rostrum was measured according to well-established techniques. None of these compounds showed isotopic values in equilibrium with one another. Assuming δ¹⁸O values of the diagenetic water within the range of meteoric waters, the δ¹⁸O(SiO₂) yield temperatures in agreement with the apparent secondary origin of this phase. The δ¹⁸O(CO₃²⁻) range, with a certain continuity, between −10.8 and +0.97 PDB-1 with most of the intermediate values being within the range of the carbonate isotopic values of Mesozoic fossils. The most positive isotopic results obtained from phosphate are close to +23/+24‰ (V-SMOW). They can hardly be related to a secondary origin of the phosphate, or to the presence of diagenetic effects, since these results are among the most positive ever measured on phosphate. As far as we know there is no widespread diagenetic process determining an ¹⁸O enrichment of phosphate. The very low concentration of phosphate did not allow the determination of its mineralogical composition. All the available δ¹⁸O(PO₄³⁻) values from belemnite and non-belemnite fossils of marine origin of Tertiary and Mesozoic age are reported along with the newly measured belemnites. The following conclusions may be drawn from the data reported: (1) the pristine oxygen isotope composition of fossil marine organisms (either carbonate or phosphate) may easily undergo fairly large changes because of oxygen isotope exchange processes with diagenetic water; this process is apparent even in the case of geologically recent fossils; (2) the δ¹⁸O(PO₄³⁻) of belemnite rostra seems to be, at least in the case of the most positive results, in isotopic equilibrium with environmental water because of the similarity between the results from Cretaceous belemnites and the results from Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary pelecypods and fish teeth; 3) if so, the only feasible interpretation that can be suggested for the ¹⁸O enriched data is the possibility of a relatively large variation of the oxygen isotopic composition of ocean paleowater from Jurassic to recent time.     

华南地区小流域水污染控制规划初探

随着经济和城市化进程的快速发展，华南地区小流域水环境污染日趋严重，因此以规划的方法控制该区小流域水污染成为了一种重要的途径。从水环境污染控制规划的基本定义出发，重点分析了小流域水环境污染控制规划的一般规范及其在实施中存在的一些问题，并就这些问题提出了相应的对策，指出小流域进行水环境污染控制时必须加强环境意识，提高环境工作者素质，结合自身实际，走出一条既符合中国国情更符合华南地区小流域的水污染控制规划道路，为华南地区的持续，快速发展创造条件。     

镜泊湖地区水体的同位素、元素地球化学特征及地下热水储存状态分析

依据镜泊湖地区水体的同位素、水化学及微量元素中子活化分析资料，详细阐述了各采样点水体的来源、补给相对高程和它们之间可能的水力联系，以及有关的地热信息；分析了区内地热资源的有利地质背景条件研究区地处深大断裂及岩浆喷发带，火山喷发一直延续至第四纪全新世，有充分的热源供给；区内上部为较厚的玄武岩覆盖，有利于储存地热；下部白垩系上统为主要含水层，发现有广泛分布的典型木／岩热蚀变产物——斜发沸石，进而证明存在地下热水的可能性。     

光催化氧化法处理难降解废水的研究进展

综述了光催化氧化处理难降解废水的研究现状及发展趋势。介绍了影响光催化氧化反应速率的因素及光催化氧化法在处理难降解废水中的应用。     

矿井明水注浆技术

明水注浆是在巷道已经发生涌水后进行堵水注浆的一种方法，以开滦东欢坨矿井下明水注浆实践为基础，阐述了明水注浆技术及注浆工艺。大水矿井由于排水电费占生产成本的比例较大，影响企业的经济效益，进行明水注浆有着重要的意义。     

The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates

While it has been demonstrated in numerous studies that the aboveground characteristics of the vegetation are of particular importance with respect to soil erosion control, this study argues the importance of separating the influence of vegetation on soil erosion rates into two parts: the impact of leaves and stems (aboveground biomass) and the influence of roots (belowground biomass). Although both plant parameters form inseparable constituents of the total plant organism, most studies attribute the impact of vegetation on soil erosion rates mainly to the characteristics of the aboveground biomass. This triggers the question whether the belowground biomass is of no or negligible importance with respect to soil erosion by concentrated flow. This study tried to answer this question by comparing cross‐sectional areas of concentrated flow channels (rills and ephemeral gullies) in the Belgian Loess Belt for different cereal and grass plant densities. The results of these measurements highlighted the fact that both an increase in shoot density as well as an increase in root density resulted in an exponential decrease of concentrated flow erosion rates. Since protection of the soil surface in the early plant growth stages is crucial with respect to the reduction of water erosion rates, increasing the plant root density in the topsoil could be a viable erosion control strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结合水动力学原理在尼尔基水利枢纽·右岸副坝下游浸没研究中的应用

应用结合水动力学原理，采用野外调查和室内试验研究相结合、宏观 观研究和粘土微观研究相结合的方法，对粘土层的渗流特征进行了专门研究，确定粘土起始比降I0值，以确定测压水位与粘土不带水位、毛细力与毛管水上升高度之间的关系。在三维渗流电网络计算的基础上，进一步进行了粘土层内含水带的埋深计算，并重新选定毛管水上升高度值和浸没临界深度。研究结果表明，副坝下游浸没范围和程度大大减轻，只要进行适当的工程处理，下游浸没影响当可消除，建筑物安全也是有保证的。     

陕西省地下水水质监测发展探析

本文针对陕西省地下水水质监测控制范围局限于农灌区，监测项目单一的现状，通过分析研究，提出水质监测的发展思路，剖析实现新思路的相关条件。     

Measuring the k–S–p relations on DNAPLs migration

Migration characteristics of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the subsurface can be expressed as a water–DNAPL two-phase system based on mainly the k–S–p relations, which describe the relations among relative permeability (k), degree of water saturation (S), and capillary pressure head (p). The aims of this research are to develop an experimental system with new type of probes, such as the electrical conductivity probe for measuring the degree of water saturation and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic tensiometer for measuring the pore water and DNAPL pressures, and also to estimate the results obtained from the developed experimental system. From these tests, the excellent k–S–p relations were obtained and the efficiency and validity of this developed experimental system have been confirmed in terms of the concept of the scaling coefficient calculated by interfacial tensions.     

山西省大型水库水环境评价

通过对山西省大型水库1983年至1985年及1996年至1998年水质监测资料的分析评价，表明67％的水库水质只要进行简单处理后，即可满足各类用水要求，其余33％污染较重的水库，其污染物质也十分单一。因此山西省大型水库开发利用的前景十分广阔。在此基础上，进一步提出了大型水库水质保护和改善措施。