Distribution of heavy metals in soils of Port Harcourt and its environs,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Geochemical evaluation of the distribution of heavy metals in soils of Port Harcourt and its environs in the Niger Delta region is presented in respect of anthropogenic factor and index of geoaccumulation. Sixteen (16) soil samples were collected from two horizons (0-10 cm and 100 cm) from the various grids and analyzed. The geo-chemical analyses showed the vertical and horizontal distributions of heavy metals. The results showed the ranges of the metals determined as follows: Pb (6.86-2.49)×10-6, with an average of 4.63×10-6; Cd (0.05-0.00)×10-6, with an average of 0.02×10-6, As (0.01-0.00)×10-6, with an average of 0.00×10-6. Cu (15.36-10.80) ×10-6, with an average of 13.36×10-6, and V (1.36-0.20)×10-6, with an average of 0.94×10-6. Quantification of the degree of pollution was carried out using anthropogenic factor (AF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). The Igeo values of 0.06, 0.02 and 0.00 for Pb, Cd and As, respectively indicate low-level contamination while Zn (1.14) and V (1.40) show me-dium-level contamination. The sources of contamination are attributed to urbanized anthropogenic activities. The majority of the samples analyzed show that the AF values are less than 1 with the exception of vanadium (V) whose AF values range from 2.73 to 13.60×10-6. Vanadium is more enriched than As, Cd, Pb, and Cu. The order of degrees of anthropogenic contamination and index of geoaccumulation in the soil is V >Zn >Pb >Cu >Cd >AS. Metals were retained near the top soil and their concentrations in the deepest horizons were lower and normal for uncontaminated soils. Metal concentrations in the top soil horizons were significantly related to distance from the industrial and hu-man activities.     

尾砂库重金属元素表生地球化学行为的初探

通过重金属含量分析,分级提取化学形态分析,结合矿物成分和化学成分分析,对黄龙铺矿区1号尾矿库重金属元素在风化过程中的地球化学行为进行了研究。研究结果表明在横向上,尾矿库中心排水口处地势低洼,铜、铁因相对活泼易于迁移而流失,铅、锌、铬、镉在尾矿库四周的地表浅部淋失,在尾矿库中心则相对富集。化学形态分析表明尾砂中各重金属元素赋存状态各有不同,一般以T6原生硫化物态和T7残渣态为主,铜、锌、铁迁移性较强;其他则较弱,表明对环境威胁不是很大。重金属的迁移明显的分为氧化带和次氧化带,研究结果显示尾矿覆盖方法也不一定能够有效地阻滞污染元素的迁移。     

松辽盆地十屋断陷十屋地区营城组物源体系探讨

在综合分析碎屑颗粒组分、重矿物组合、砂砾岩展布和地层倾角测井等资料的基础上,探讨了十屋断陷十屋地区营城组沉积时期的物源体系特征和分布。碎屑颗粒组分和重矿物分析能指示物源区母岩类型和碎屑物质的搬运方向,砂砾岩展布能指明了碎屑物质的搬运方向和搬运途径,地层倾角测井则指示了古水流的方向。结果表明,十屋地区营城组存在三大物源体...     

川西坳陷中段中侏罗统沙溪庙组储层砂岩物源分析

川西坳陷中段中侏罗统沙溪庙组是重要的含气层.沙溪庙组储层砂岩以岩屑长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩为主,具有明显的沉积相分异.龙门山前和川西坳陷内砂岩的碎屑组分存在明显的差异,前者具有"贫长石,高石英"的特征,后者则"富长石、低石英",前者成分成熟度高于后者.根据研究区地层斜层理对沙溪庙组岩层古水流综合分析表明,古水流方向以北西...     

泉州城市表层土壤重金属的赋存形态及污染评价

本文采用改进的BCR连续提取法研究泉州市区表层土壤中17种重金属的形态分布特征,并运用地积累指数Igeo法、潜在生态危害指数法、次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)评价土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态危害。结果表明,Li,Ti,Fe,Sc,V,As,Sb,Sn主要以残渣态存在;Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Bi在可氧化态中占有大比例,但仍以残渣态为主;Pb以可还原态为主;Mn,Cd,Co在可还原态和残渣态中占有较大比例。根据地累积指数法和RSP,泉州土壤受到不同程度的Sc,Co,Ni,Cu,Cd,Sb,Pb污染;潜在生态危害指数表明泉州市城区受到轻微生态危害。     

地质灾害与不同尺度降雨时空分布关系

降雨是地质灾害最重要的诱发因素之一,开展地质灾害与不同尺度降雨的时空分布研究,分析降雨诱发地质灾害的特点规律,对于提升地质灾害区域预警水平和防灾减灾实践具有重要意义。本文以2006～2007年汛期地质灾害的实际发生情况为例,通过统计分析方法,对区域地质灾害与年降雨量、月降雨量、月暴雨日数、典型降雨过程之间的时空分布关系开展系统分析,研究表明:降雨是群发型地质灾害发生的重要诱发因素,地质灾害的发育密度与年均雨量成正比,地质灾害发育密度最大的区域,其年均雨量最大;地质灾害分布与月降雨量、月暴雨日数的分布总体上具备一定的对应关系,但并不是完全对应的,主要受到典型强降雨过程的落区控制;在地质灾害多发区出现典型强降雨过程时,地质灾害群发。     

Effects of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) on DNA damage of the gills, hemocytes and hepatopancreas of marine crab, Charybdis japonica

There are rising concerns about the hazardous effects of heavy metals on the environment. In this study, comet assay and DNA alkaline unwinding assay were conducted on the tissues (gills, hepatopancreas, and hemocytes) of Charybdis japonica in order to illustrate genotoxicity of three heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+) on the marine crabs C. japonica. The crabs were exposed to Cu2+ (10, 50, and 100 ?g.L?1), Pb2+ (50, 250, and 500 ?g L?1) and Cd2+ (5, 25, and 50 ?g L?1), and the tissues were sampled at days 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 15. DNA alkaline unwinding assay was used for testing the DNA single strand break in gills and hepatopancreas and comet assay was employed for testing the DNA damage in hemocytes. The results showed that the DNA damage (F-value) of gills in the crabs exposed to the three heavy metals was decreased gradually during the exposure periods and there was a dose-time response relationship in certain time, suggesting that the levels of DNA single strand break in all the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the controls. Changes of F-value in hepatopancreas of the crabs exposed to the three heavy metals were similar to those in gills except that the peak values were found in the 500 ?g L?1 Pb2+ treatment group at day 3 and the 50 ?g L?1 Cd2+ treatment group at day 9. The ranks of DNA damage in gills and hepatopancreas induced by the three heavy metal ions (50 ?g L?1, day 15) were Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ and Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Cd2+. The levels of DNA damage in gills were higher than those in hepatopancreas in the same experimental group. It can be concluded that indices of DNA damage can be used as the potential biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in marine environment.     

澜沧江-湄公河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化及污染评价

国际河流澜沧江-湄公河流域资源开发引起的水文情势、泥沙和水环境变化一直是国际社会关注的重点.本研究选取了该河干流境内外8个关键河段的底沙进行采样,并进行5种重金属元素(锌Zn、铅Pb、铜Cu、铬Cr、砷As)含量实验测试,分析了该河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化.运用沉积学原理,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属污染的情况.结果显示:1.在澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属元素中Zn、Pb、As在上游中国境内澜沧江底沙中的含量平均值分别为91.43 mg/kg、41.85 mg/kg、21.84 mg/kg,均大于其在下游境外湄公河底沙中平均含量,其平均含量分别为68.17 mg/kg、28.22 mg/kg、14.97mg/kg;Cr在境外湄公河底沙中含量的平均值为418.86mg/kg,大于境内上游澜沧江底沙中的平均含量42.19 mg/kg,且主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色采样点,其含量分别为762.93 mg/kg、422.9 mg/kg;Cu除在戛旧和界碑含量较小分别为11.7 mg/kg、7 mg/kg外,在上下游其他采样点的含量分布变化不明显.2.地积累指数法评价结果表明干流底沙重金属在上游中国境内Zn、Pb、As有污染,其中Pb、As的污染较Zn严重.在下游中国境外Cr污染较严重,其污染主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色两个采样点,As在巴色采样点也出现了轻微污染.3.潜在生态危害指数法评结果表明干流底沙重金属元素单一潜在生态危害系数和多种重金属潜在生态危害指数均较小,各采样点重金属潜在生态危害程度均属于轻微污染.由此可见澜沧江-湄公河境内局部河段因地球化学背景或矿产开采致使的水体和底沙重金属污染,沿程经水体稀释和水库淤积后,尚未出现污染的跨境迁移现象.本研究能在一定程度上填补澜沧江-湄公河流域在干流上对重金属污染研究的空缺,为澜沧江流域资源开发的评价影响提供理论依据.     

云南高原城市发展对降雨的影响——以楚雄市为例

分析了楚雄市1965-2010年的降雨特点,采用同时期城区(楚雄站)与郊区(南华站、双柏站)雨量横向对比和城市化发展不同时期同一站雨量纵向对比的方法,研究了城市化对年降雨量、季节雨量和不同类型降雨发生次数等的影响.通过研究发现:城市化发展对城市年雨量、汛期雨量有不同程度的增加作用;受城市化发展的影响,降雨年内分配集中雨季的趋势更加明显;城市化发展使不同类型降雨发生次数有增加或减少,对大雨和暴雨有增加作用,小雨和中雨有所减少.城市化发展使城市大雨和暴雨增多,所以要加强城市洪涝、滑坡和泥石流灾害的防治工作.     

山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查与评价

介绍了山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查与评价工作取得的一些基本成果以及该区存在的生态地球化学问题。调查与评价结果显示,Zn,Pb,Cu,Se,Cd,S,P,Hg,N,OrgC等元素或指标在表生作用或人类活动等因素影响下,使表层土壤含量明显大于深层;总体上该区地球化学环境质量优良,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤仅占全区总面积的0.13%,主要分布在矿集区和城镇周边,主要污染元素为Cd,Cr,Ni,Hg。浅层地下水大部分元素或指标处于自然低背景含量状态,部分水样总硬度超标,溶解性总固体、NO2-和F-等超标,已不适合饮用。该区存在的生态地球化学问题有：①山地丘陵区土壤pH值低,且表层土壤具有向强酸、强碱两极化发展的趋势,易引起重金属元素活化,危害人类健康;②沿海地带土地贫瘠,N,P和有机质等营养水平多属缺乏级;③莱州-烟台和牟平-乳山矿集区以及人口密集的城镇地带表层土壤Hg,Cd,Pb,Zn,Se,S等元素污染严重。地质高背景、酸性的表生环境和工业污染的共同作用,是造成环境中重金属元素含量较高的主要原因。