Slant Column Measurements of O3 and NO2 During the NDSC Intercomparison of Zenith-Sky UV-Visible Spectrometers in June 1996

In June 1996, 16 UV-visible sensors from 11 institutes measured spectra of the zenith sky for more than 10 days. Spectra were analysed in real-time to determine slant column amounts of O3 and NO2. Spectra of Hg lamps and lasers were measured, and the amount of NO2 in a cell was determined by each spectrometer. Some spectra were re-analysed after obvious errors were found. Slant columns were compared in two ways: by examining regression analyses against comparison instruments over the whole range of solar zenith angles; and by taking fractional differences from a comparison instrument at solar zenith angles between 85° and 91°. Regression identified which pairs of instruments were most consistent, and so which could be used as universal comparison instruments. For O3, regression slopes for the whole campaign agreed within 5% for most instruments despite the use of different cross-sections and wavelength intervals, whereas similar agreement was only achieved for NO2 when the same cross-sections and wavelength intervals were used and only one half-day's data was analysed. Mean fractional differences in NO2 from a comparison instrument fall within ±7% (1-sigma) for most instruments, with standard deviations of the mean differences averaging 4.5%. Mean differences in O3 fall within ±2.5% (1- sigma) for most instruments, with standard deviations of the mean differences averaging 2%. Measurements of NO2 in the cell had similar agreement to measurements of NO2 in the atmosphere, but for some instruments measurements with cell and atmosphere relative to a comparison instrument disagreed by more than the error bars.     

基于无人机可见光影像的紫菜养殖筏架信息提取方法及应用

海上紫菜养殖筏架分布无规律、大小不规则且数量较多,现场测量难度大、卫星影像空间分辨率低,不能精确测量出紫菜筏架面积。无人机机动性强、影像空间分辨率高,可在紫菜养殖调查中发挥重要作用。本研究以连云港海州湾紫菜养殖筏架为研究对象,开展可见光波段在养殖筏架与水体的光谱可区分度研究,基于6种植被指数,进行自动提取实验,以目视解译结果作为真值,进行精度分析,同时利用不同时相、不同区域的无人机可见光影像,开展方法的普适性研究。结果表明：绿色度坐标（green, G）和植被（vegetativen,VEG）指数方法在浅水区和深水区均表现较好,养殖筏架个数识别精度、面积识别精度均超过91.00%。基于此,利用上述两种方法,开展其他区域自动提取实验,养殖筏架个数识别精度、面积识别精度分别超过93.02%和89.37%。结果验证了无人机可见光影像可以实现紫菜养殖筏架的自动提取,精度基本满足紫菜养殖调查需求。     

南黄海辐射沙脊群水下地形遥感反演及三维可视化

南黄海辐射沙脊群水下地形的获取和可视化对于江苏近海空间资源的开发利用具有重要意义.据此设计以下方案:首先利用可见光水深遥感反演技术,建立削弱悬沙影响的水下地形遥感反演模型,获取沙脊群水域的水下地形;然后以ActiveX Control和COM对象组合方式基于OpenGL技术开发三维地形可视化综合管理平台 ( Visual Terrain Platform,VTP ),构建辐射沙脊群水下地形三维可视化动态模拟系统,实现沙脊群水域水下地形的可视化及地形信息管理.实践表明该技术方案可为管理、开发和利用近海海洋空间资源提供技术支撑.     

Assessment of digital camera-derived vegetation indices in quantitative monitoring of seasonal rice growth

A commercially available digital camera can be used in a low-cost automatic observation system for monitoring crop growth change in open-air fields. We developed a prototype Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS) for monitoring rice growth, but the ready-made waterproof cases that we used produced shadows on the images. After modifying the waterproof cases, we repeated the fixed-point camera observations to clarify questions regarding digital camera-derived vegetation indices (VIs), namely, the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) based on daytime normal color images (RGB image) and the nighttime relative brightness index (NRBI_NIR) based on nighttime near infrared (NIR) images. We also took frequent measurements of agronomic data such as plant length, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground dry matter weight to gain a detailed understanding of the temporal relationship between the VIs and the biophysical parameters of rice. In addition, we conducted another nighttime outdoor experiment to establish the link between NRBI_NIR and camera-to-object distance. The study produced the following findings. (1) The customized waterproof cases succeeded in preventing large shadows from being cast, especially on nighttime images, and it was confirmed that the brightness of the nighttime NIR images had spatial heterogeneity when a point light source (flashlight) was used, in contrast to the daytime RGB images. (2) The additional experiment using a forklift showed that both the ISO sensitivity and the calibrated digital number of the NIR (cDN_NIR) had significant effects on the sensitivity of NRBI_NIR to the camera-to-object distance. (3) Detailed measurements of a reproductive stem were collected to investigate the connection between the morphological feature change caused by the panicle sagging process and the downtrend in NRBI_NIR during the reproductive stages. However, these agronomic data were not completely in accord with NRBI_NIR in terms of the temporal pattern. (4) The time-series data for the LAI, plant length, and aboveground dry matter weight could be well approximated by a sigmoid curve based on NRBI_NIR and VARI. The results confirmed that NRBI_NIR was more sensitive to all of the agronomic data for overall season, including the early reproductive stages. VARI had an especially high correlation with LAI, unless yellow panicles appeared in the field of view.     

The color reflectance of marine-terrigenous deposits in LZ908 borehole in south coastal plain of the Laizhou Bay

Color measuring is characterized by high resolution, high efficiency, and low cost. The application becomes increasingly common for tracing sediment sources and climate variation. Borehole LZ908 in the south coastal plain of the Laizhou Bay in northeast China, was used, of which the top 54 m containing all marine facies was focused, to test the feasibility of colorimetry as a climate indicator using visible light reflectance spectra and L^*a^*b^* measurement results. The results show a good correction between lightness and calcium carbonate content in marine-terrigenous deposits; therefore, these deposits can be used as a proxy to study climate changes. Factor-analysis on the first derivative values of the raw visible light reflectance spectra produced three principal factors corresponding to goethite, organic matter, and hematite. Down hole variations in the three factor scores, lightness, calcium carbonate content, and grain size were quite consistent. Moreover, high lightness and low factor scores in goethite, hematite, and organics indicated glacial regression deposits, while low lightness and high factor scores in goethite, hematite, and organics indicated interglacial transgression deposits.     

钻孔灌注桩施工中机械磨损对策分析

本文详细论述了机械磨损及磨损的类型.磨损的最后结果必然是更新.对磨损进行了比较深入的分析,具有一定的参考价值.     

金矿床中金与黄铁矿和毒砂的关系

卡林型金矿中的金,以肉眼,甚至在显微镜下都看不到,因而称之为“不可见金”.经过金的物相分析,发现Au与毒砂、黄铁矿有关.进一步的问题是:Au在毒砂、黄铁矿中呈何状态分布,是呈微细的独立矿物?还是类质同象?是以化学键进入毒砂、黄铁矿的晶格?还是吸附在其表面?进一步的研究表明,世界上其他类型金矿,如浊积岩型金矿、造山带内太古代绿岩带金矿、变质金矿、与火成岩有关的金矿,甚至含金的块状硫化物矿床,其中的金除了以自然金(可见金)产出外,在黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿、雄黄等硫化物中还含有不可见金.从不可见金到可见金,需经过热液蚀变作用,在高As条件下,温度和硫逸度的升高,可溶出不可见金,在温度下降和还原条件下,Au以可见金形式存在于蚀变环带中.这种从不可见金到可见金的转换过程,反映了Au、As、S以及Fe等元素的地球化学特征.金矿中的黄铁矿和毒砂具有相似的结构,包括在其原始生长的晶体中含有不可见金,并且在稍后的成矿阶段内形成赋存有可见金的蚀变环带.蚀变环带以As含量高为特征,并且,后期的可见金是沿裂隙或毒砂与黄铁矿的粒间分布.可见金是热液活化了矿物内的不可见金而形成的.     

东昆仑水闸东沟-黄龙沟金矿床硫化物矿物学特征对可见金形成条件的制约

东昆仑五龙沟地区水闸东沟-黄龙沟金矿床处于昆中断裂北部,受NW向构造控制,矿区出露中元古界小庙组和新元古界丘吉东沟组地层,岩浆岩以早古生代和早中生代侵入岩为主。围岩蚀变以绢云母化和硅化为主,矿体严格受NW向剪切带控制,赋矿岩石为早古生代正长花岗岩和新元古代丘吉东沟组板岩。综合野外地质特征、矿相学观察和电子探针测试结果,水闸东沟-黄龙沟金矿床可划分出4个成矿期:沉积期、热液Ⅰ期、热液Ⅱ期和表生期。新元古代沉积期属金的初步富集期;早古生代热液Ⅰ期可分为4个阶段,其中第一阶段(磁黄铁矿-毒砂-斜方砷铁矿-自然金阶段)是金的主成矿阶段;早中生代热液Ⅱ期金再次活化富集;表生期代表矿体暴露地表后的变化。热液Ⅰ期的磁黄铁矿-毒砂-斜方砷铁矿-自然金阶段,由早至晚体系温度和硫逸度升高,代表前进变质作用,变质条件达绿片岩相上限。斜方砷铁矿交代毒砂的结构中通常可以观察到可见金,说明该阶段是由不可见金向可见金转化的重要时期,可见金形成于绿片岩相上限的温度范围内。     

基于卡尔曼滤波算法卫星数不足情况下的连续定位

介绍了卡尔曼滤波模型,采用C#编程语言建立了程序模块,并将其作为参数估计方法对一组动态数据进行了伪距单点定位解算;将部分历元时刻卫星数设置为少于4颗进行解算,并比较了其定位结果与原始结果的差异。实验结果表明,采用卡尔曼滤波模型能够在卫星数不足的情况下在一定时间内保持定位的连续性,并能保证一定精度。