TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂的制备及表征

通过浸渍-还原法;在不同Cu2+/Ti4+摩尔比下制备TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-DRS)等手段对TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂进行了表征.在可见光照射下,研究TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂对水中难降解有机污染物甲基橙的光催化降解效果.结果表明,氙灯照射下,TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂与单纯的纳米TiO2 (P25)相比,光催化降解效果得到明显的提高.Cu2+/Ti4+摩尔比1∶2时制备的TiO/Cu2O复合光催化剂具有最好的光催化降解效果.     

弱辐射特征遥感影像的自动伽马校正

为了有效地消除光照不均对成像效果的影响,还原原始图像信息,通过分析Gamma校正函数及对函数包含参数的适应性实验,研究并提出了依据原始图像像素分布自动确定Gamma函数参数值的伽马校正方法,实现了弱辐射特征图像的自动灰度修正。对近海区域的遥感影像进行了辐射校正实验,证明该方法对弱辐射特征的遥感影像有很好的校正效果。     

2009年江苏一次强对流天气过程的遥感监测

以卫星水汽图为主,结合可见光云图、雷达资料和常规天气观测资料,分析2009年6月5日发生在江苏徐州沛县的一次冰雹、龙卷天气,结果表明：卫星水汽图中动力异常区与对流系统的交界处和可见光云图上两个对流云团出流边界处触发的新的雷暴云团区域容易产生龙卷等强对流天气;水汽图上的水汽输送带与可见光云图的对流云系相一致,并且水汽图像特征与导致垂直运动和气流变形场的大尺度天气过程有关系,代表着对流层中上部的动力特征;强对流天气发生在低亮温对流云团中。高时空分辨率的卫星和雷达遥感资料很好地反映了短时强对流天气系统的发展与演变,有效地补充了常规天气资料分析的不足,为短时天气预报提供一种思路。     

天然黑钨矿可见光催化活性的实验研究

天然半导体矿物具有优良的日光催化特性。本研究选取天然钨酸盐作为研究对象,对武鸣、栗木、崇义3个不同矿区的天然黑钨矿进行了矿物学及光催化实验探究。利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱、电子探针微区分析对天然样品的结构与成分进行分析,鉴定其主要矿物相为黑钨矿(Fe,Mn)[WO4],从武鸣、栗木到崇义矿区,Fe/Mn摩尔分数比从7.1、0.9到0.3依次降低。利用紫外可见漫反射测得武鸣、栗木、崇义地区样品禁带宽度分别为1.5、1.6和1.7eV,说明其具有良好的可见光响应。在pH为7的条件下用质量浓度为1g/L的样品对5mg/L的有机染料亚甲基蓝(MB)进行光催化实验(含0.01mol/L H2O2 ),结果表明武鸣地区黑钨矿实验组降解MB的效果最佳,3h后其效率分别是栗木、崇义地区样品的1.1倍和1.6倍。电子顺磁共振谱检测结果显示,反应过程中均产生氧化性羟自由基(·OH),其中效果最好的武鸣黑钨矿产生的·OH信号更强;不同自由基捕获实验证明·OH在光催化反应过程中起主要作用。进一步选取武鸣黑钨矿开展光催化降解机制研究,实验结果显示:光照下黑钨矿与H2O2共存的实验组对MB的脱色降解率可达99%(3h),只有黑钨矿的对照组降解7%的MB,只有H2O2 的对照组降解31%的MB;黑暗条件下,同时添加黑钨矿与H2O2的对照组对MB的去除率为34%。不同H2O2 浓度条件下黑钨矿降解MB符合准一级动力学方程,说明降解过程与催化剂含量无关,H2O2 更多的是充当电子受体。分析认为,不同产地黑钨矿日光催化效率与矿物铁含量呈正相关,与禁带宽度呈负相关,推测其反应机理是光催化与芬顿反应协同产生的·OH将MB氧化降解。本研究为开发利用天然矿物治理环境污染提出了新方法。     

Layered clouds in the Indian monsoon region

Contrary to the prevalent belief that tropical region is characterized by convective clouds rather than by layer clouds, we have suggested that deep convective clouds occur on meso-scale, but layer clouds occur on larger synoptic-scale with a relatively small region of deep convective clouds. Sustenance of deep convective clouds is inhibited by the presence of inertio-gravity waves, which have alternating layers of upward and downward motion in the vertical. We have also shown that inertio-gravity waves generate regions of relatively strong horizontal velocity, vertically separated by layers of relatively weak horizontal velocity. Layers of strong horizontal velocity are created by inertio-gravity wave system through convergence of vertical flux of horizontal momentum. We have also suggested that horizontal convergence/divergence of moisture flux is generated by inertio-gravity waves, giving rise to vertically alternating layers of high/low humidity, and visible or sub-visible clouds. Layers of high humidity become layers of strong radar reflectivity at frequency of 53 MHz at which MST Radar at Gadanki, near Tirupati, India, operates. These observations, more than 2,50,000 in number, for vertical grid points, spread over all the months of the year, have helped us, among other observations, to arrive at these conclusions. Further, the analysis suggests that the main source of strong MST radar reflectivity is not mechanical turbulence as is commonly believed.     

以能量观点研究可见光辐射在大气中的衰减

2004年9月至2006年10月,在华北地区的4个站开展了太阳辐射、气象参数等的综合测量,得到了可见光辐射QVIS、总辐射Q等的变化特征。水汽和散射因子对QVIS/Q有明显的影响,同时对QVIS也有明显的作用。基于能量观点,建立了实际天气QVIS小时累计值(时累)的经验模式,得到了较好的计算结果。水汽因子对于QVIS在大气中的传输有一定的作用,应该给予足够重视。计算表明,华北地区受水汽因子衰减到达地面的QVIS以及占地面QVIS的比例分别为8.78W·m-2和4.24%,受散射因子衰减到达地面的QVIS以及占地面QVIS的比例分别为171.91W·m-2和95.76%。华北地区受水汽因子和散射因子影响损失于大气中的QVIS分别为16.54W·m-2和311.07W·m-2,这一能量损失有季节变化和区域差别。敏感性实验表明,到达地面的QVIS对水汽因子、散射因子的变化有不同的响应,QVIS对散射因子的变化比对水汽因子的变化更为敏感。水汽因子与可见光辐射之间的关系密切,水汽因子项的真正含义应该是大气中的各种物质成分(气、液、固态)对可见光辐射直接和间接(通过化学和光化学反应,包括均相和非均相过程)利用的总和。利用QVIS经验模式计算了大气顶的QVIS,其计算误差为3.5%。在目前及未来研究中,应重视和考虑消耗于大气中的这部分与水汽有关的能量。采用能量观点与实测资料相配合来理解和探索大气中的物理化学过程和规律是一种有效、实用的方法。     

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Total Atmospheric Transmittance in the UV and VIS Spectra in Athens,Greece

This work investigates the seasonal and diurnal variation of total spectral transmittance of solar radiation. Such a study dealing with ultraviolet and visible wavelengths (310–575 nm) is carried out in Athens for the first time. The spectral values presented are averages over a number of records in a period of 42 days and have been calculated using ground-based spectral measurements of direct-beam irradiance. The data were recorded on selected days throughout a year by a simple pyrheliometer capable of performing spectral measurements. All data were recorded under clear-sky conditions in the city center of Athens and the total spectral atmospheric transmittance was estimated in the direction of local zenith to become independent of any optical mass effects. The comparison between seasons reveals that the atmospheric transmittance is higher in the cold period of the year than in the warm, simply because the photochemical pollution in the summer is more severe. Various features of seasonal and diurnal variation are also discussed with respect to emission sources, topographic peculiarities and wind regime.     

Probability Distribution of Surface Wave Slope Derived Using Sun Glitter Images from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite and Surface Vector Winds from Scatterometers

The probability distribution of the sea surface slope has been estimated using sun glitter images derived from the visible wavelength radiometer on the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) and surface vector winds observed by spaceborne scatterometers. The brightness of the visible images is converted to the probability of wave surfaces which reflect the sunlight toward GMS in grids of 0.25° × 0.25° (latitude × longitude). The slope and azimuth angle required for the reflection of the sun's rays toward GMS are calculated for each grid from the geometry of GMS observation and location of the sun. The GMS images are then collocated with surface wind data observed by three scatterometers. Using the collocated data set of about 30 million points obtained in a period of 4 years from 1995 to 1999, the probability distribution function of the surface slope is estimated as a function of wind speed and azimuth angle relative to the wind direction. The results are compared with those of Cox and Munk (1954a). The surface slope estimated by the present method shows a narrower distribution and much less directivity relative to the wind direction than that reported by Cox and Munk. It is expected that their data were obtained under conditions of growing wind waves. In general, wind waves are not always developing, and the slope distribution might differ from the results of Cox and Munk. Most of our data are obtained in the subtropical seas under clear-sky conditions. This difference in the conditions may be the reason for the difference of slope distribution. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.