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141.
Quantum-thermodynamic treatment of intrinsic anharmonicity; Wallace’s theorem revisited 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wallace (in Thermodynamics of crystals, 1972) developed a theorem, rooted in rigid lattice dynamics, which incorporates intrinsic anharmonic effects in solids. The practical
application of this theorem in mineral physics is computationally involved and this is the main reason for the theorem not
getting the attention it deserves. Because intrinsic anharmonicity is an important issue at the extreme conditions in planetary
mantles, we derived a method which removes the computational obstacles in applying this theorem. We extended the theorem to
incorporate details of the phonon spectrum and tested our algorithm on forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Using a least squares inversion technique applied to all available experimental data, we show that it results in an accurate
representation of thermodynamic properties and sound wave velocities of Mg2SiO4 in its complete pressure–temperature stability range. We also show that the accuracy of our results is not significantly
affected by the use of a different equation of state. 相似文献
142.
青藏高原南部天然地震体波的层析反演图像描绘出拉萨地体内在15~90km深度内低速异常的分布特征。在研究速度结构的基础上,根据熔融程度与纵波波速呈倒数衰减的特性,论证了拉萨地体中低速体的出现与壳内的局部熔融有关。壳内局部熔融则来源于板块俯冲、地壳增厚产生的热而非幔源侵入所造成。同时,也发现了在拉萨以东中下地壳低速体有向东发展的趋势。大面积部分熔融层分布的深度范围约在15~35km处。另外,据藏南地区的SKS波分裂时间延迟很小的特点,推测藏南地幔中可能不存在各向异性,也就是没有足够的热源使各向异性矿物的品格重新定位。这从另一方面佐证了部分熔融仅存在于地壳内而不是地幔中。 相似文献
143.
我国公路泥石流病害严重,泥石流淤埋公路构建筑物是一类常见的公路泥石流病害类型。泥石流衰减动力学是防治泥石流淤埋病害的重要关键技术,也是泥石流运动学、动力学研究的核心问题之一。本文作者运用泥沙运动力学及流体力学原理,初步建立了泥石流固相颗粒和液相浆体的能量衰减条件,把泥石流衰减模式概化为两类,即能量抑制衰减和能量自由衰减;通过泥石流沉积模型试验,得到了不同粘度泥石流体的沉积扇变化形态,随着泥石流体粘度的增大,沉积扇边缘变陡、扩展范围变小、纵轴线长度减小等结论与实际情况吻合;初步建立了泥石流能量衰减速率计算方法。研究成果为防治公路泥石流病害奠定了基础。 相似文献
144.
The estimation of wave transmission across the fractured rock masses is of great importance for rock engineers to assess the stability of rock slopes in open pit mines. Presence of fault, as a major discontinuity, in the jointed rock mass can significantly impact on the peak particle velocity and transmission of blast waves, particularly where a fault contains a thick infilling with weak mechanical properties. This paper aims to study the effect of fault properties on transmission of blasting waves using the distinct element method. First, a validation study was carried out on the wave transmission across a single joint and different rock mediums through undertaking a comparative study against analytical models. Then, the transmission of blast wave across a fault with thick infilling in the Golgohar iron mine, Iran, was numerically studied, and the results were compared with the field measurements. The blast wave was numerically simulated using a hybrid finite element and finite difference code which then the outcome was used as the input for the distinct element method analysis. The measured uplift of hanging wall, as a result of wave transmission across the fault, in the numerical model agrees well with the recorded field measurement. Finally, the validated numerical model was used to study the effect of fault properties on wave transmission. It was found that the fault inclination angle is the most effective parameter on the peak particle velocity and uplift. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
145.
A model for the stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity response of fractured rock mass is proposed based on experimental evidence of stress‐dependent fracture normal and shear stiffness. Previously proposed models and previous experimental studies on stress‐dependent fracture stiffness have been reviewed to provide a basis for the new model. Most of the existing stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity models are empirical, with model parameters that do not have clear physical meanings. To propose the new model, the rock mass is assumed to have randomly oriented microscopic fractures. In addition, the characteristic length of microfractures is assumed to be sufficiently short compared to the rock mass dimensions. The macroscopic stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity response is assumed to be attributed to the stress dependency of fracture stiffness. The stress‐dependent fracture normal stiffness is defined as a generalized power law function of effective normal stress, which is a modification of the Goodman's model. On the other hand, the stress dependency of fracture shear stiffness is modeled as a linear function of normal stress based on experimental data. Ultrasonic wave velocity responses of a dry core sample of Berea sandstone were tested at effective stresses ranging from 2 to 55 MPa. Visual observation of thin sections obtained from the Berea sandstone confirms that the assumptions made for microstructure of rock mass model are appropriate. It is shown that the model can describe the stress‐dependent ultrasonic wave velocity responses of dry Berea sandstone with a set of reasonable material parameter values. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
146.
Much debate has occurred in catchment hydrology regarding the connectivity of flow paths from upslope areas to catchment outlets. This study was conducted in two catchments, one with three upper branches, in a loess soil with a fragipan that fosters lateral flow and exhibits an extensive distribution of soil pipe collapse features. The study aimed to determine the connectivity of multiple soil pipe networks as well as determine pipe flow velocities during storm events. Fluorescein dye was injected directly into soil pipes at the upper most pipe collapse feature of four different hillslopes. Breakthrough curves (BTC) were determined by sampling multiple pipe collapse features downslope. The BTCs were used to determine the ‘average’ (centre of mass) and ‘maximum’ (first arrival) flow velocities. This study confirmed that these catchments contain individual continuous soil pipe networks that extend over 190 m and connect the upper most hillslopes areas with the catchment outlet. While the flow paths are continuous, the individual pipe networks consist of alternating reaches of subsurface flow through soil pipes and reaches of surface flow through gullies formed by pipe collapses. In addition, flow can be occurring both through the subsurface soil pipes simultaneous with surface flow generated by artesian flow from the soil pipes. The pipe flow velocities were as high as 0.3 m/s, which was in the range of streamflow velocities. These pipe flow velocities were also in the range of velocities observed in pinhole erosion tests suggesting that these large, mature soil pipes are still actively eroding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
Stephen R.H. Worthington 《水文研究》2019,33(17):2373-2380
Groundwater often accounts for a substantial fraction of flood hydrographs, but the processes responsible for this have been unclear. However, many aquifers have preferential flow and this explains how aquifers can be so responsive. In bedrock aquifers, weathering enhances the connectivity and apertures along the most efficient flow paths and hence enhances the permeability. This results in celerities and velocities of the preferential flow in these dual‐porosity aquifers that are two to three orders of magnitude higher than if the aquifers behaved as single‐porosity media. The celerities have been determined from artificial and natural flood pulses, from tidal lags, and from pumping tests. Preferential‐flow velocities have been calculated from tests using applied tracers. Celerities in bedrock aquifers are typically one to two orders of magnitude faster than velocities. The ubiquitous preferential flow in aquifers provides an additional explanation, besides groundwater ridging, for the rapid release of groundwater to streams during storm events. 相似文献
148.
Triaxial shear tests are performed to assess the effects of displacement velocity and confining pressure on shear strengths and dilations of tension-induced fractures and smooth saw-cut surfaces prepared in granite, sandstone and marl specimens. A polyaxial load frame is used to apply confining pressures between 1 and 18 MPa with displacement velocities ranging from 1.15 × 10−5 to 1.15 × 10−2 mm/s. The results indicate that the shearing resistances of smooth saw-cut surfaces tend to be independent of the displacement velocity and confining pressure. Under each confinement the peak and residual shear strengths and dilation rates of rough fractures increase with displacement velocities. The sheared-off areas increase when the confining pressure increases, and the displacement rate decreases. The velocity-dependent shear strengths tend to act more under high confining pressures for the rough fractures in strong rock (granite) than for the smoother fractures in weaker rocks (sandstone and marl). An empirical criterion that explicitly incorporates the effects of shear velocity is proposed to describe the peak and residual shear strengths. The criterion fits well to the test results for the three tested rocks. 相似文献
149.
基于实时单站GPS载波相位历元差分测速模型,引入抗差最小二乘估计,并根据IGGⅢ方案选择合适的等价权因子来削弱小周跳和粗差对结果的影响,并采用一组静态数据和2011年日本"3.11"地震期间MIZU站的高频数据对算法进行测试。结果表明,在含有小周跳和粗差的情况下,抗差最小二乘估计能够明显改善解算速度,可以实时获取测站毫米级的同震速度。 相似文献
150.