Heavy Metal Contents in Soft-Bottom Marine Macrophytes and Sediments Along the Mediterranean Coast of Spain

Abstract. Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined in sediment and in tissues of five species of soft-bottom marine macrophytes ( Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera noltii, Ruppia cirrhosa and Caulerpa prolifera ) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Levels of metals were low in most of the sampling stations and similar to those found by other authors in uncontaminated zones. Certain locations, however, showed some degree of contamination (Cambrils, Almassora, Alacant, Mar Menor and El Portús). In Santa Pola we found high contents of metals in one sample of sediment due to the high proportion of the fine fraction (particules < 63µm) and organic matter, but not in the seagrass species. Mercury and zinc concentrations in the sediment are correlated to those in at least some anatomic fractions of Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa and Caulerpa prolifera , suggesting that these species reflect the levels of these metals in the environment. Lead contents in the alga Caulerpa prolifera are also correlated to those in the sediment, while no significant correlations were obtained for cadmium. Among the species studied, Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa seem to be better biomonitors than Caulerpa prolifera .     

河北黄骅近岸石油污染对海洋生物体内石油烃含量的影响

对河北黄骅沿海1995年2次调查所捕获的鱼、虾、贝类等18种样品的测定结果表明,受测海洋生物均检出石油烃,双壳类生物体内石油烃含量高于甲壳类和鱼类.该海域海洋生物体内石油烃含量水平远低于国内外污染严重的水域.从分析结果看,该海域目前石油污染特点主要以慢性油污染为主.     

水井酸处理的周期性负压法

针对常规水井酸处理法增产效果有限、对地下水污染严重的问题, 提出了水井酸处理的周期性负压法.该方法通过产生周期性负压, 不断向裂隙中压入井筒里活性较强的酸液, 并及时清除裂隙中的反应产物, 因而使用一次周期性负压法, 具有多次常规酸处理加物理洗井的增产效果; 同时它利用周期性负压和少量多次注酸, 限制水井酸处理的污染范围, 降低对地下水的污染程度.使用结果表明: 与常规水井酸处理法相比, 水井酸处理的周期性负压法可使水井酸处理效果平均提高186%, 酸处理后的污水排出量减少59%.另外, 该方法简便易用, 使用成本低, 可广泛推广应用.      

我国河流湖泊污染的防治技术及发展趋势

我国河流湖泊污染现状为V类和劣V类水质占七大水系(辽河、海河、淮河、黄河、松花江、珠江、长江)主要断面的50%以上,高中营养化湖泊占被调查湖泊的85%以上,河流湖泊污染状况十分严峻.目前河流湖泊采取的污染防治技术措施主要有:削减截流污染源、完善城市排水系统和建设污水处理厂、河流低泥疏浚、河道曝气技术、生物修复技术、水生植被恢复工程、引清冲淡等等.生物生态技术将在河流湖泊污染防治及生态恢复中发挥重要的作用.     

广州市大气污染分布规律

本文根据广州市 1981～ 1997年的环境监测资料和相近年份的气候统计资料 ,对广州市大气污染的分布规律及其成因进行了研究。结果表明 :①广州大气污染物的浓度具有明显的时空分布规律 ,时间上表现为年内冬强夏弱 ,年际之间自 80年代末以来光化学污染逐年增强 ;空间上 ,空气污染物的负荷率依功能区和行政区而异 ,显示市区由东向西 ,由北向南污染趋强的分布特征。②酸雨率高并以春季最严重。③广州大气污染的时空分布规律与广州的气象特征及污染源的分布和排放强度密切相关。文章认为 :改善广州大气环境的质量 ,应该采取合理的城市规划措施 ,并提出了具体的对策。     

河西走廊东部沙尘天气与武威市大气污染的关系研究

利用河西走廊东部武威市1991-2003年春季污染浓度资料和1971-2003年气象要素资料, 分析污染物浓度与各种气象要素和非气象要素的关系, 找出造成河西走廊东部春季污染严重的气候成因, 并提出大气污染治理对策。结果表明, 春季3~5月沙尘暴发生日数和颗粒物污染资料两者有很好的正相关关系, 相关系数达0.8, 沙尘暴天气是造成河西走廊东部春季空气重度污染的主要原因。     

南四湖底泥污染及其变化过程

In order to research the changing process of the pollution from the formation of Nansihu Lake, this study determined the isotope age and depositional rate and analyzed the organic geo-chemical quotas and heavy metal quotas of two sedimentary profiles of Weishan and Dushan lakes. Research results showed that from the formation of Nansihu Lake, the change of the pollution could be divided into four phrases. At the early phrase of the formation, the organic matters of the lake mainly derived from the exotic matters and had a close relation to the effect on the water and sands from the Huanghe (Yellow) River. At the middle and late phrases of the development, the endogenous matters of the lake became the main and stable source of the organic matters. The overflow of the Huanghe River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and the cut of trees caused the changes of the historic pollution. In recent 20 years, the modem industrial pollution from the organic matters and heavy metals has an increasingly heavy tendency.     

广东的小康社会与水资源的可持续利用

广东省自然环境优越,水资源丰富,是社会经济发展的优势.然而,随着经济的迅速发展,却由于体制上的原因,工企业遍地开花,同时,耕地的锐减和传统生态农业的萎缩等,造成广大农村环境污染,从而出现严重水质性缺水,不少地区农村缺乏饮用水.因此,必须采取措施克服体制弊端,根治环境污染,保护好耕地,发展传统生态农业和保护好林业,以保护水源和水环境.     

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

Direct sediment inputs from forest roads at stream crossings are a major concern for water quality and aquatic habitat. Legacy road–stream crossing approaches, or the section of road leading to the stream, may have poor water and grade control upon reopening, thus increasing the potential for negative impacts to water quality. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on the entire running surface area associated with six reopened stream crossing approaches in the south‐western Virginia Piedmont physiographic region, USA. Event‐based surface run‐off and associated total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were compared among a succession of gravel surfacing treatments that represented increasing intensities of best management practice (BMP) implementation. The three treatments were no gravel (10–19% cover), low gravel (34–60% cover), and high gravel (50–99% cover). Increased field hydraulic conductivity was associated with maximized surface cover and ranged from 7.2 to 41.6, 11.9 to 46.3, and 16.0 to 58.6 mm h⁻¹ respectively for the no gravel, low gravel, and high gravel treatments. Median TSS concentration of surface run‐off for the no gravel treatment (2.84 g l⁻¹) was greater than low gravel (1.10 g l⁻¹) and high gravel (0.82 g l⁻¹) by factors of 2.6 and 3.5 respectively. Stream crossing approaches with 90–99% surface cover had TSS concentrations below 1 g l⁻¹. Reducing the length of road segments that drain directly to the stream can reduce the costs associated with gravel surfacing. This research demonstrates that judicious and low‐cost BMPs can ameliorate poor water control and soil erosion associated with reopening legacy roads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Groundwater monitoring at the watershed scale: An evaluation of recharge and nonpoint source pollutant loading in the Clear Creek Watershed,Iowa

Determining the groundwater contribution of nonpoint source pollution at a watershed scale is a challenging issue. In this study, we utilized a top‐down approach to characterize representative groundwater response units (GRUs) based on land use and landscape position (e.g., upland, sideslope, or floodplain) in the 275‐km² Clear Creek Watershed, Iowa. Groundwater monitoring wells were then established along downslope transects in representative GRUs. This unique combination of top‐down/bottom‐up approaches allowed us to estimate groundwater pollutant loads at the watershed scale with minimal monitoring. For the 2015 study period, results indicated that more groundwater recharge occurred in the floodplain (404 mm) compared to the uplands or sideslopes (281 and 165 mm, respectively), irrespective of land use. Recharge in the floodplains consisted of 37% of the annual precipitation, whereas upland wells averaged 26% and sideslopes averaged 15% of the annual precipitation. Less recharge was found to occur beneath perennial grass compared to row crop and urbanized areas. Baseflow discharge accounted for 69% of the total NO₃‐N exported from the Clear Creek Watershed, with row crop areas contributing approximately 95% of the annual load. Orthophosphorus (OP) yields were approximately 0.72 kg/ha beneath urban and suburban areas, three times higher than those in row crop or perennial areas. Urban and suburban areas accounted for 21.4% of groundwater orthophosphorus and chloride loads in the watershed compared to only 8.5% of the land area. Overall, the groundwater load allocation model for baseflow nutrient discharge to Clear Creek can be used to target future nonpoint source load reduction strategies at the watershed scale. The use of GRUs can pinpoint better areas of concern for controlling nutrient loads.