测流不确定度的插值方差估计法

目前,测流不确定度通过误差试验或通过经验数值来确定,但这些方式存在着工作量大或不确定估计不足等局限性。为解决此问题,对基于实测数据和统计理论的插值方差估计法在不同测流条件下进行了验证,选取白河、襄阳和沙洋3个流量站进行了实测数据的不确定度分析,同时对白河站进行了Monte Carlo试验,比较插值方差估计法得到的不确定度与真实误差的差异。结果表明,插值方差估计法能较好地反映水位变化的影响,插值方差估计法所得到的不确定度与真实测流误差的相关系数达0.64,与断面水位变化的Spearman相关系数达0.79,高、中水位情况下插值方差估计法的不确定度估计结果较为合理,低水位情况下偏高。     

稳健总体最小二乘Helmert方差分量估计

对于总体最小二乘而言,经常需要处理不同精度或者不同类型的观测数据,根据先验方差来定权往往不准确,同时观测数据中可能含有粗差。针对这两个问题,提出稳健总体最小二乘Helmert方差分量估计,将稳健估计和Helmert方差分量估计同时应用于总体最小二乘中。最后通过两个实验的计算结果表明,该方法是可行的、有效的。     

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Turbulent intensity and its similarity function over an Inner Mongolian grassland during spring

Macroscopic reason for the development of turbulences in fluid is the conjunction action of velocity and temperature shears. We use the 2008 spring flux observations in the surface layer over Inner Mongolian grassland, obtain the similarity functions of turbulent intensity under different stratification stability conditions, and calculate the clear day turbulent intensity in the spring, which is then analyzed and compared with the observed values of turbulent intensity. The results show that in the Inner Mo...     

科尔沁沙地固定沙丘土壤水体积分数变化

利用2006-2009年5-9月科尔沁沙地固定沙丘0~150 cm土壤水体积分数监测数据及降水资料,采用偏度、峰度检验法检验了固定沙丘不同月及不同土层土壤水体积分数的正态性,并得到了其正态分布相关参数的估计值及其置信区间;同时,对不同土层、不同月及不同年间的土壤水体积分数变化和差异进行了分析。结果表明:(1)固定沙丘同一月的土壤水体积分数以显著性水平α=0.1通过正态分布的假设检验;固定沙丘土壤水体积分数的平均值范围1.82%~4.95%,主要集中在2%~4%;(2)受降水影响,固定沙丘7月土壤水体积分数较高,且与其他月的差异显著;7月土壤水体积分数均值和方差的点估计及置信水平为0.95的置信区间、统计特征均与其他月的有较大差异;(3)固定沙丘0~10 cm土壤水体积分数较低,且与其他土层有显著差异;而10~30 cm土壤水体积分数较高;(4)2008年土壤水体积分数较低,而2009年土壤水体积分数较高;除2007年与2008年土壤水体积分数没有显著差异外,其余年份间的土壤水体积分数均有显著差异。     

联合平差中的方差分量估计问题的探讨

天文大地网与GPS空间网联合平差从大的方面分为空间网与地面网两部分。空间网主要是GPS点的三维地心坐标及协方差阵 ;而地面网又涉及到多类观测值 ,主要包括方向观测、导线边、天文方位角三类观测值 ,且各类观测值又分为不同等级的观测。空间网与地面网之间、地面网不同类观测之间及同一类不同观测等级之间的权比不正确将直接影响平差结果 ,因此 ,各类观测值的最佳权匹配就成为联合平差的一个关键。本文就Helmert方差分量简化算法及Baumker简化公式用于联合平差中方差分量估计问题进行讨论 ,并用我国天文大地网 1万点的地面观测数据进行实算、比较、分析 ,以确定联合平差中方差分量估计的方法     

Statistical analysis of the effects on overland flow of spatial variability in soil hydraulic conductivity / Analyse statistique des effets de la variabilité spatiale de la conductivité hydraulique du sol sur l'écoulement de surface

Abstract

The effects of spatial variation of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s ) of the soil on the variation of overland flow were tested by analysing 2000 synthetic rainfall—runoff events, all generated from real, observed rainfall events but with runoff modelled by a two-dimensional distributed model using different spatially variable K _s fields in a small (12 ha) agricultural catchment. The purpose is to determine the influence of spatial variation in K _s on runoff generation. The statistical measures used to describe the variation in the generated K _s were its coefficient of variation and correlation length. Both of these had two levels of typical values obtained from field measurements in other studies. The storms were analysed at a general event level, first using simple graphical and statistical methods and then using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The observed scale of the spatial variation of K _s does cause statistically significant variation in overland flow. The graphical analysis showed that the first flow peak in a multi-event storm had the largest variation and that differences were greater in the rising part of the hydrograph than in its recession. The greatest variation in overland flow was produced by the combination of the greater coefficient of variation and the longer correlation lengths. The smallest variation in overland flow was produced by the combination of the smaller coefficient of variation and the shorter correlation lengths. ANOVA showed that the coefficient of variation and correlation length alone did not explain all the variation of the total flow. ANOVA was not very useful due to the many restrictive assumptions that were not satisfied by the nature of the data and therefore analysis methods with less restrictive assumptions need to be tested.     

Evaluation of Composts from Agricultural Wastes with Fish Pond Sediment as Bulking Agent to Improve Compost Quality

Composts with five different ratios of agricultural wastes, viz. rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), potato plant (PP), and mustard stover (MS) were prepared with or without fish pond bottom sediment to investigate the compost maturity and their suitability for field application. The composting process was monitored through the changes in physico‐chemical parameters and germination index (GI) at every 7 days interval of the composting process. All the composts were dark brown and smelled like forest soil within 56 days of composting, which reflected its matured status. On the basis of the physico‐chemical parameters (bulk density: 0.84 g/cm³; pH 7.05; electrical conductivity: 3.52 mS/cm; cation exchange capacity:82.4 cmol/kg; total carbon:321.4 g/kg; total nitrogen: 16.9 g/kg; As: 6.8 mg/kg; Cd: 2.96 mg/kg; Cr: 29.6 mg/kg, Cu: 243.6 mg/kg; Hg: 0.019 mg/kg; Ni: 24.3 mg/kg; Pb: 62.1 mg/kg and Zn: 812 mg/kg) and GI (89–96%), it could be concluded that RS/WS/PP/MS, 1:1:2:1 v/v/v/v with fish pond sediment produced better compost in accordance with the Indian compost standard. Application of a combined randomized block design analysis revealed that there is a significant difference in the responses of the five composts, in relation to the time of composting. Hierarchical clustering algorithm was applied with a view to form homogeneous groups of five different composts on the basis of different physico‐chemical parameters. Therefore, the ratio of waste incorporation is an important decision for composting and addition of pond sediment can improve the quality of compost.     

基于GIS的中原经济区发展水平差异分析

通过对中原经济区内29个省辖市经济水平的数据进行比较,运用模型计算出各城市的经济强度。根据经济发展水平差异把各城市划分成4个等级,应用GIS手段将中原经济区的发展水平差异可视化,并分析了产生差异的原因,对中原经济区的建设提出了建议。