浅谈国土资源大调查项目设计中的经费预算编制

国土资源大调查项目是保证国土资源调查和评价、保证国家重大工程与宏观决策而做的地质工作,在地质调查项目实施过程中,必须重视项目预算的编制,只有做好项目预算,才能保证项目正常实施。     

FY-4A数据在2021年1月6—8日寒潮监测中应用

基于静止气象卫星图像解译理论和位涡理论,应用FY-4A水汽图像、干涉式大气垂直探测仪（GIIRS）产品和欧洲中心第五代大气再分析资料（ERA5）对2021年1月6—8日我国中东部地区寒潮天气进行分析。结果表明：高空冷涡和地面冷高压是影响此次寒潮天气的主要影响系统,冷空气5日08:00从贝加尔湖南部向东、向南加强发展,8日20:00 减弱;对比FY-4A/GIIRS与ERA5 850 hPa 24 h变温数据发现：两种数据反映的对流层低层冷空气东移南下特征和正负变温区域分布特征基本一致,FY-4A/GIIRS 850 hPa 24 h负变温中心和0℃等变温线的位置与ERA5数据接近,FY-4A/GIIRS 850 hPa 24 h变温中心值强度略大于ERA5。水汽图像暗区变暗附近的高层位涡的增加激发高层气旋性环流后侧下沉运动增强,干空气下沉造成了地面高压增强;500 hPa冷涡中心附近绝对涡度增加是引起冷空气增强的原因之一;冷空气急剧增强时段,中低层位涡的加大引起地面冷空气堆积,寒潮增强。FY-4A/GIIRS温度产品反映的冷空气移动特征与位涡理论对冷空气增强原因分析结果一致,说明应用FY-4A/GIIRS温度产品能够有效监测分析寒潮冷空气演变特征。     

长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量的区域变化特征及影响因素

基于长江流域148个气象站1980—2017年的蒸发皿观测数据,将旋转经验正交函数（REOF）和模糊C均值聚类（FCM）相结合,对流域蒸发皿蒸发量（PE）进行分区,然后运用Modified Mann-Kendall检验和多元逐步回归等方法,分析各子区域PE的变化特征并识别其主要影响因子。结果表明：1) REOF的前4个空间模态显示流域PE存在5个主要的异常敏感区,基于这4个空间模态,流域PE在空间上可划分为9个子区域。2）在年尺度上,各区PE呈不同程度的增加趋势,其中中部盆地区上升速率最大（111.28 mm/10 a）,西部高原区上升速率最小（12.5 mm/10 a）;而在季节尺度上,秋、冬季流域PE呈显著上升趋势,春、夏季PE的变化具有明显的区域差异性,部分地区PE为下降趋势。3）影响PE变化的主要因子因地而异,但大多子区域的PE变化与平均气温和饱和水汽压差的变化显著相关。     

秋行夏令:2021年10月初北方致灾性持续暴雨及水汽极端性分析

2021年10月3—6日,我国北方地区经历了历史罕见的持续性极端强降水过程,暴雨中心稳定维持在陕西中部、山西、京津冀、辽宁等地南部和山东北部,给上述地区造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的人员伤亡。基于台站观测降水、NCEP/NCAR和ERA5再分析资料诊断了本次降水过程的极端性。结果表明,本次暴雨过程无论是降水强度、持续时长还是经向水汽输送均表现出典型北方夏季暴雨和大气环流配置特征。上述五省二市区域平均的过程累计雨量强度远远超过秋季其他暴雨个例,即使在夏季也位列第二。本次过程的极端性与强降水中心稳定在上述地区密切相关。上述五省二市区域平均降水连续4日均超过15 mm,这在秋季历史上从未出现过。除过程的极端性强外,9月山西等地降水异常偏多对10月初秋涝也起到了叠加作用。本次秋涝对应的大气环流呈现出典型的北方夏季主雨季环流型,表现为西太平洋副热带高压（副高）偏西偏北,副高西侧的经向水汽输送异常强盛,同时10月4—6日北方地区发生一次强冷空气过程,冷暖气流交汇在上述地区。水汽收支计算表明,本次过程的经向水汽输送强度为秋季历史之最,甚至超过了盛夏时期北方大部分暴雨过程水汽输送强度。上述分析结果表明,即使在仲秋时节亦可产生有利于北方极端持续暴雨的环流形势和水汽输送,并导致秋涝发生。     

福建省兴化湾有毒重金属的输入输出

基于对兴化湾大气干、湿沉降,沉积物及河(海)水的取样分析数据,主要考虑河流输入及与外海的物质交换,大气干、湿沉降和沉积作用过程重金属物质的迁移量,估算了兴化湾重金属的输入输出量.结果表明,As、Cr、Pb主要来自于河流输入,其河流输入量分别占总输入量的76.4%,78.2%和68.9%,Hg主要来自于河流输入和与外海的物质交换,Cd主要以大气干、湿沉降为输入方式,该方式的输入量占输入总量的78.8%.沉积作用是5种有毒重金属的主要输出方式,占输出总量的88.2%～100%,潮汐作用可将部分As、Cr、Pb输向外海,但也可能将Hg带入兴化湾,兴化湾Cd污染有加剧的趋势.     

Evaluating the spatiotemporal variations of water budget across China over 1951–2006 using IBIS model

The Integrated Biosphere Simulator is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of the crucial hydrological variables [run‐off and actual evapotranspiration (AET)] of the water balance across China for the period 1951–2006 including a precipitation analysis. Results suggest three major findings. First, simulated run‐off captured 85% of the spatial variability and 80% of the temporal variability for 85 hydrological gauges across China. The mean relative errors were within 20% for 66% of the studied stations and within 30% for 86% of the stations. The Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients indicated that the quantity pattern of run‐off was also captured acceptably except for some watersheds in southwestern and northwestern China. The possible reasons for underestimation of run‐off in the Tibetan plateau include underestimation of precipitation and uncertainties in other meteorological data due to complex topography, and simplified representations of the soil depth attribute and snow processes in the model. Second, simulated AET matched reasonably with estimated values calculated as the residual of precipitation and run‐off for watersheds controlled by the hydrological gauges. Finally, trend analysis based on the Mann–Kendall method indicated that significant increasing and decreasing patterns in precipitation appeared in the northwest part of China and the Yellow River region, respectively. Significant increasing and decreasing trends in AET were detected in the Southwest region and the Yangtze River region, respectively. In addition, the Southwest region, northern China (including the Heilongjiang, Liaohe, and Haihe Basins), and the Yellow River Basin showed significant decreasing trends in run‐off, and the Zhemin hydrological region showed a significant increasing trend. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Above‐stream microclimate and stream surface energy exchanges in a wildfire‐disturbed riparian zone

Stream temperature and riparian microclimate were characterized for a 1·5 km wildfire‐disturbed reach of Fishtrap Creek, located north of Kamloops, British Columbia. A deterministic net radiation model was developed using hemispherical canopy images coupled with on‐site microclimate measurements. Modelled net radiation agreed reasonably with measured net radiation. Air temperature and humidity measured at two locations above the stream, separated by 900 m, were generally similar, whereas wind speed was poorly correlated between the two sites. Modelled net radiation varied considerably along the reach, and measurements at a single location did not provide a reliable estimate of the modelled reach average. During summer, net radiation dominated the surface heat exchanges, particularly because the sensible and latent heat fluxes were normally of opposite sign and thus tended to cancel each other. All surface heat fluxes shifted to negative values in autumn and were of similar magnitude through winter. In March, net radiation became positive, but heat gains were cancelled by sensible and latent heat fluxes, which remained negative. A modelling exercise using three canopy cover scenarios (current, simulated pre‐wildfire and simulated complete vegetation removal) showed that net radiation under the standing dead trees was double that modelled for the pre‐fire canopy cover. However, post‐disturbance standing dead trees reduce daytime net radiation reaching the stream surface by one‐third compared with complete vegetation removal. The results of this study have highlighted the need to account for reach‐scale spatial variability of energy exchange processes, especially net radiation, when modelling stream energy budgets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Production of N2O,CH4, and CO2 from soils in the tropical savanna during the dry season

Emissions of N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ from soils at two sites in the tropical savanna of central Venezuela were determined during the dry season in February 1987. Measured arithmetic mean fluxes of N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ from undisturbed soil plots to the atmosphere were 2.5×10⁹, 4.3×10¹⁰, and 3.0×10¹³ molecules cm^-2 s^-1, respectively. These fluxes were not significantly affected by burning the grass layer. Emissions of N₂O increased fourfold after simulated rainfall, suggesting that production of N₂O in savanna soils during the rainy season may be an important source for atmospheric N₂O. The CH₄ flux measurements indicate that these savanna soils were not a sink, but a small source, for atmospheric methane. Fluxes of CO₂ from savanna soils increased ninefold two hours after simulated rainfall, and remained three times higher than normal after 16 hours. More research is needed to clarify the significance of savannas in the global cycles of N₂O, CH₄, CO₂, and other trace gases, especially during the rainy season.     

内蒙古奈曼麦田生长期的微气象变化

采用波文比热量平衡法分析了内蒙古奈曼麦田生长不同阶段的微气象变化。结果表明：（１）麦田反射率随小麦生长趋于旺盛而减小；（２）随着小麦的生长，净辐射及其与太阳总辐射的比值增大；（３）白天净辐射主要用于潜热交换；夜里净辐射主要由潜热交换与土壤热交换补给；（４）波文比白天小，早晨和夜里大。     

Intercomparison of stratospheric water vapor profiles obtained during the Balloon Intercomparison Campaign

The Balloon Intercomparison Campaign (BIC) was set up to intercompare remote sensing measurements of a number of compounds other than water vapor; however, water vapor has strong absorption features throughout the infrared and mm wave regions of the spectrum. Therefore many of the investigators involved in BIC have absorption or emission features due to water vapor in the data they obtained during the balloon flights made under the campaign. These features have been used by the investigators to determine the stratospheric water vapor profiles which are compared in this paper. The profiles allow comparison of a wide range of remote sensing techniques involving both emission and absorption in the mid-infrared and emission techniques in the far infrared.