Characteristics of Subtropical Monsoon and Rainfall over Eastern China and Western North Pacific

Using the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis and the NOAA Climate Prediction Center's merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)during 1981-2000, we investigated the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly wind and associated precipitation over the eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific area and its relationship with the tropical monsoon and rainfall, and analyzed the reasons responsible for the onset and development of the wind. It was found that the persistent southwesterly wind appears over southern China and the subtropical western Pacific the earliest in early spring, and then expands southwards to the tropics and advances northward to the midlatitudes. From winter to summer, the seasonal variation of surface heating over western China and the subtropical western Pacific may result in an earlier reversal of the westward tropospheric temperature gradient over the subtropics relative to the tropics, which may contribute to the earliest beginning of the subtropical southwesterly wind. Additionally, the strengthening and eastward expanding of the trough near the eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the strengthening and westward moving of the western Pacific subtropical high also exert positive influences on the beginning and development of the subtropical southwesterly wind.In early summer,the northward expansion of the southwesterly wind over southern China is associated with a northward shift of the subtropical high, while the southward stretch of the southwesterly wind is associated with a southward stretch of the trough in the eastern side of the plateau. With the beginning and northward expansion of the subtropical southwesterly wind (namely southwest monsoon), convergences of the low-level air and water vapor and associated upward motion in front of the strongest southwesterly wind core also strengthen and move northward, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity and a northward shift of the rain belt. Accordingly, the subtropical rainy season occurs the earliest over southern China in spring, moves northward to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer, and arrives in North China in mid summer.Compared with the subtropical rainy season, the tropical rainy season begins later and stays mainly over the tropics, not pronouncedly moving into the subtropics. Clearly, the Meiyu rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer results from a northward shift of the spring rain belt over southern China,instead of a northward shift of the tropical monsoon rain belt. Before the onset of the tropical monsoon,water vapor over the subtropical monsoon region comes mainly from the coasts of the northern Indo-China Peninsula and southern China. After the onset, one branch of the water vapor flow comes from the Bay of Bengal, entering into eastern China and the subtropical western Pacific via southwestern China and the South China Sea, and another branch comes from the tropical western North Pacific, moving northwestward along the west edge of the western Pacific subtropical high and entering into the subtropics.     

Using 137Cs measurements to establish catchment sediment budgets and explore scale effects

Growing awareness of the wider environmental significance of fine sediment transport by rivers and associated sediment problems linked to sediment–water quality interactions, nutrient and contaminant transfer, and the degradation of aquatic habitats has resulted in the need for an improved understanding of the mobilization and transfer of sediment in catchments to support the development of effective sediment management strategies. The sediment budget provides a key integrating concept for assembling information on the internal functioning of a catchment in terms of its sediment dynamics by providing information on the mobilization, transfer, storage and output of sediment. One key feature of a catchment sediment budget is the relationship between the sediment yield at the catchment outlet and rates of sediment mobilization and transfer within the catchment, which is commonly represented by the sediment delivery ratio. To date, most attempts to derive estimates of this ratio have been based on a comparison of the measured sediment yield from a catchment with an estimate of the erosion occurring within the catchment, derived from an erosion prediction procedure, such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) or its revised version, RUSLE. There is a need to obtain more direct and spatially distributed evidence of the erosion rates occurring within a catchment and to characterize the links between sediment mobilization, transfer, storage and output more explicitly. In this context, fallout radionuclides have proved particularly useful as sediment tracers. This paper reports the results of a study aimed at exploring the use of caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs) measurements to establish sediment budgets for three catchments of different sizes and contrasting land use located in Calabria, southern Italy. Long‐term measurements of sediment output were available for the catchments, and, by using the estimates of gross and net rates of soil loss within the catchments provided by ¹³⁷Cs measurements, it was possible to establish the key components of the sediment budget for each catchment. By documenting the sediment budgets of three catchments of different sizes, the study provides a basis for exploring the effects of scale on catchment sediment budgets and, in particular, the increasing importance of catchment storage as the size of the catchment increases. The results of this study demonstrate a reduction in the sediment delivery ratio from 98 to 2% as catchment area increases from 1·47 ha to 31·2 km². Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于CLM4.5的高寒草地辐射收支和水热交换的数值模拟研究

利用那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站本部BJ观测点2014年6-8月的近地层观测资料,结合CLM4.5陆面模型,探究空气动力学粗糙长度、叶面积指数、植被覆盖度和热力学粗糙长度参数化方案的改变对陆面能水平衡的模拟结果产生的影响,并且探讨了粗糙度及植被状态指数影响陆面能水平衡模拟性能的机制.结果表明:(1)CLM4.5默认的热力...     

黄土高原东部夏半年降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

大气降水氢氧稳定同位素的组成可以指示降水过程的气候环境变化,分析大气降水稳定同位素的变化,对于研究气候条件下的水文循环过程具有重要意义。本文基于2019年夏半年（4—10月）黄土高原东部8个站点采集的152个降水样本的δ²H和δ¹⁸O的测定,系统分析δ²H和δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征及与气象参数、云下蒸发的关系,并利用HYSPLIT模型分析了水汽来源及运移路径。结果表明：① 研究区夏半年降水δ²H¹和δ¹⁸O存在显著的季节变化,其中5—7月逐渐富集、8—9月逐渐贫化;研究区降水δ²H和δ¹⁸O亦表现出显著的空间差异,整体上呈现由东南向西北逐渐增加的趋势。② 区域大气降水线的结果表明,该区整体上降水受云下蒸发作用较为显著,但位于盆地地区（赵城、阳泉、长治）降水过程受局地内循环影响较明显。③ 该区域降水中δ¹⁸O并未表现出显著温度效应和降水量效应,仅汾河谷地的介休站存在温度效应而介休、临汾站存在降雨量效应。④ 云下蒸发过程对太行山土石山区中部的阳泉站、北部的大同站以及汾河谷地的临汾站影响较为显著,其云底与地表降水的氢氧稳定同位素差异较显著。⑤ 水汽来源分析的结果显示,该区域夏季降水的主要来源为近地及东南方向下的渤海等地,远距离下的西方路径水汽含量占比较小。本文的结果对于增进区域水循环的认识及水资源的合理优化配置具有重要意义。     

不同衬底材料上外延金刚石的研究

利用自制的5kW微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MPCVD）装置对在不同衬底材料上外延生长的CVD金刚石进行了研究。利用HPHT金刚石、CVD异质形核生长的金刚石及Ia型天然金刚石样品作为籽晶,分析了不同CH4浓度与基片温度对外延CVD金刚石的影响以及通过扫描电子显微镜表征了CVD金刚石外延面的表面形貌。结果发现,HPHT金刚石为籽晶,由于其自身缺陷导致外延效果不佳;CVD异质形核生长的衬底因形核阶段的晶面生长难以控制而使其外延面较粗糙;经打磨的Ia型天然金刚石才是理想的籽晶。当CH4浓度约为10%、基片温度为1020℃时,CVD金刚石的外延生长速率可达到70.0μm/h。     

基于地基GPS与MODIS遥感影像的映射函数与大气可降水汽分析

为了提高短期和中小尺度灾害性天气可降水汽预报的准确性和实时性,利用西安地基GPS数据和MODIS遥感影像,采用NMF、GMF和VMF1映射函数设计了4种获取天顶干延迟初始值的方案,探讨了映射函数对计算天顶总延迟的影响。结果表明：在卫星高度角为10°时,VMF1映射函数反演效果和精度最佳,GMF映射函数次之,NMF映射函数最弱,而在卫星高度角为15°时,上述3种映射函数效果相当。最后,结合综合水汽含量与可降水汽的关系,通过计算地基GPS和MODIS遥感影像综合水汽含量,得到了地基GPS和MODIS遥感影像可降水汽（PPWV-GPS,PPWV-MODIS）,并拟合了二者之间的线性关系,结果为PPWV-MODIS=1.421 7PPWV-GPS-2.143,相关系数为0.952 1。     

天山及周边地区空中水资源的稳定性及可开发性研究

本文利用天山及周边地区大气含水量序列的方差值和降水转化率,分析了天山地区空中水资源的稳定性和可开发性,结果表明：天山山区大气含水量的稳定性与大气含水量多少有密切关系,大气含水量低的地区,水资源稳定,而大气含水量高的地区,水资源不稳定。夏季是四季中方差最大的季节,稳定性较差;冬季是大气含水量方差最低的季节,特别是山区大气含水量稳定,秋季略高于春季。天山东部和西部地区的大气含水量方差明显要小,而中部地区的较大,这主要是由控制风带的强弱及水汽输送决定的。大气含水量的稳定性和海拔成反相关关系,这主要与水汽凝结的高度有关。地形高度变化和降水转化率密切相关,随海拔高度上升,降水转化率增大,降水转化率在2000m左右形成一个高值,天山山区年降水转化率最大,伊犁河谷冬季降水转化率最大。     

2005年汉江上游秋涝环流条件和水汽场特征分析

利用美国环境预测中心(NCEP)资料,对2005年9月1日至10月10日汉江上游秋涝期500 hPa环流条件和700 hPa水汽场的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:在汉江上游秋涝盛期,500 hPa高度距平场呈现出" ,-, "波列结构。700 hPa主要水汽源在孟加拉湾和南海地区。同时段水汽通量散度场EOF分析表明,汉江上游水汽通量散度同南海和孟加拉湾北部具有相同的变化符号;小波分析进一步揭示出汉江上游和南海地区水汽通量散度都存在准2周和准1周的振荡。强降水一般出现在几种不同频率振荡的负值位相叠加的时段。     

大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)不同养殖模式氮磷收支及养殖效果研究

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-Pond Raceway Aquaculture,IPRA)氮磷收支变化及养殖效果情况,阐明其生态特征及营养物质的来源与归宿,合理评价IPRA的经济与生态效益,通过定期采样计算氮磷的输入和输出项目,同时设置传统常规养殖池塘(usual pond aquaculture,UPA)为对照组。结果表明:(1)两种养殖模式中,饲料是池塘氮、磷输入的主要来源,分别占IPRA和UPA池塘氮输入的95.02%±2.31%和94.57%±1.82%,占两种模式磷输入的93.19%±2.75%和91.81%±4.44%;(2)底泥沉积是氮、磷输出的主要方式,占IPRA和UPA氮输出的45.16%±1.31%和53.98%±1.48%,占磷输出的40.28%±3.19%和59.59%±4.45%,差异显著(P0.05),其次是养殖产出,IPRA渔获物氮输出比例37.73%±0.91%高于UPA的35.07%±0.99%,差异不显著(P0.05),磷输出比例25.50%±1.77%显著高于UPA的20.78%±1.33%(P0.05);(3)IPRA对氮的绝对和相对利用率高于UPA,但差异不显著(P0.05),而对磷的利用率显著高于UPA (P0.05), IPRA提高了养殖对象对氮、磷的吸收利用率;(4) IPRA耗水系数、排水系数及排污系数均显著低于UPA (P0.05),但IPRA养殖效益显著高于UPA (P0.05)。综上所述, IPRA是一种清洁高效的新型养殖模式,可以进行推广应用。本研究旨在为今后更好地开展IPRA水质管理和科学养殖提供数据支撑,同时为IPRA模式在节水生态、经济效益等评价方面提供理论依据。     

Study on the Changes of Water Vapor over Hexi Corridor and Adjacent Regions

The water vapor in the air over the Hexi Corridor on the northeastern side of the Qilian Mountains and adjacent regions and its transport characteristics were studied using the upper-air and surface data observed in many years. The sources of water vapor and its transport pathways were explored. The results show that: (1) The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is a source area of water vapor directly supplied to the Hexi region and the westerly airflow is the main transport of water vapor to the region. (2) The center of the transport intensity of water vapor over the Hexi region occurs near the height of 500 hPa and the maximum daily change of water vapor occurs between 700 and 600 hPa, which is quite different from the changes of water vapor transport and the maximum daily changes of water vapor over the eastern China. (3) During the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, the moisture content in the air over the Hexi region exhibited a significant decrease trend, but from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, it tended to increase. Such a variation trend appears to be consistent in winter and spring and is particularly evident in the transition period between winter and spring.