基于MODIS遥感产品和神经网络模拟太阳辐射

现有的神经网络模拟太阳辐射的模型很少考虑云、气溶胶、水汽对太阳辐射的影响,采用MODIS提供的气溶胶、云、水汽高空大气遥感产品和常规气象数据,输入LM（Levenberg-Marquardt）算法优化后的BP（Back-Propagation）神经网络模型（简称LM-BP）模拟了和田、西宁、固原、延安4个辐射站点的太阳辐射月均值。验证结果表明：神经网络模型中加入气溶胶、云、水汽之后,4个辐射站点的\begin{array}{c}{R}^2\end{array}均大于0.90,且各项误差指标均小于仅用常规气象站点数据模拟的太阳辐射结果。     

2015年7月中旬京津冀持续性夜间雷雨天气成因初步分析

2015年7月15日00:00至20日00:00（协调世界时,下同）期间,京津冀地区每天傍晚均有明显雷阵雨天气过程发生,持续约一周时间。天气形势分析发现:虽然都是傍晚到夜间出现雷雨天气,但15~17日的雷雨过程,500 hPa主要表现为两槽一脊天气形势,京津冀地区处于低槽前部的不稳定区。18~19日两天,京津冀地区西部为低槽,东部为副热带高压（副高）,主要表现为西低东高的天气形势,是华北地区典型的暴雨天气型之一。15~17日与18~19日的水汽输送路径也有明显区别,15~17日以西南暖湿气流直接向东北方向输送以及台风外围偏东风气流向京津冀输送水汽为主,18~19日则为西南暖湿气流向东北方向直接输送到东海以东洋面后转为偏东风向京津冀输送为主,但是,水汽辐合中心均出现在京津冀附近,且水汽通量及辐合总是在12:00大于00:00,意味着傍晚的水汽条件好于白天。动力条件方面,整个降水期间,京津冀区域的对流层高层均处于南亚高压外围辐散区,低层辐合层次主要集中在700 hPa以下,近地面层12:00的辐合更为剧烈,中层均有干冷偏西气流下沉后与低层暖湿偏东气流辐合抬升,12:00的干冷气流下沉层次更低,与偏东风的辐合更强。温度层结方面,京津冀区域平均的气温垂直温差在800 hPa以下总是12:00高于00:00。降水期间,上升速度在中高层均表现为00:00大于12:00,但是低层的上升速度都是12:00强于00:00,傍晚的动力和水汽条件都更利于降水发生。     

黑河实验（HEIFE）能量平衡和水汽输送研究进展

总结了黑河实验中能量和水汽交换特征研究进展。建立了绿洲同包围它的沙漠环境相互作用基本模型，即绿洲的冷岛效应和沙漠的逆湿现象。绿洲对沙漠观测的主要干拢是沙漠能量平衡中的一个小量，即可以忽略不计的潜热通量。所以黑河实验沙漠和戈壁站能量平衡的基本特征对干旱地区有一定的代表性。     

Gu's function scale of ion hydration force and charge size

ImODUonON'WaterVaporChemistry"isanewsdricediscovetalandestablishedfromtraceanaly-sisinGu'slab0rat0ry(Gu,l99l;Guetal.,l99l).Gu'sFunCtionshowrthatthetracetalionconcentfutionCinwatervaporhaspositivecondationt0the,Spedcelamnadriityconstant"lastionhationpotentialIz/ionvalenceZandnegativecondationtotheionvolumeVandcoordinationnUInberN(Gu,l994).Gu'sFunCti0nC=f[(IzwrVMofthebondparameterinwatervaporcheInistrycomepondstothepotentinlenergyfunctfonZ'd/rintheSbodingerEquahonofquantumchemistry.…     

The functional relation between ion concentration in water vapor chemistry and the bond parameter in quantum chemistry

ImODUcrION'Watervaporchenhatry"asanewsdencewasestablisedbyGu'slaboratorybasedontheirdiscoveryoftheruleof'witCr-watervaporconstanttransferoftracemetalionsinthenaturalwaterCyde';andwasprovedbyamodelexperimntofsea-airtransfer(Gu,l988,l99l,Gueta1.,l982,l986).Thertilehasnotorreationwiththethermody-nawhrsofthetracephySicochdricalsyStem(Gu,l99l,Guetal.,l984).ThispaperpresentSthefuflctionrelating'witCfvaporchedtry"ionconamtrationtothe'huantumchedtry"bondparametCr.FUimONThedatausedinthecurvea…     

Circulation and heat budget of the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) due to a Bora event in January 2001: a numerical model study

The Princeton Ocean Model was implemented to investigate the response of northern Adriatic Sea during the Bora event in January 2001 when strong wind and surface cooling was reported. The model has been run with realistic wind stress, surface heat flux and river runoffs forcings continuously from 1 January 1999 to 31 January 2001. The wind stress and surface heat flux was computed by the bulk parameterization, using the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast analysis fields and the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set cloud data. All the freshwater sources along the Adriatic coastlines were represented by point or line source functions. Open boundary conditions in the Ionian Sea along a latitudinal boundary were nested within a large scale model of the Mediterranean Sea. The numerical study found that, before the Bora event of 13–17 January 2001, the water column of the northern Adriatic Sea was stratified by salinity, and the temperature was already cooler at the surface and over the shallower shelf region. The pre-Bora circulation of the northern Adriatic Sea was relatively weak and baroclinic with maximum surface currents occurred near the Italian coast. During the Bora event, the water column was well mixed in the most of coastal region of the northern Adriatic Sea. The atmospheric cooling produced colder water over the northern and western Adriatic Coast. The circulation of the northern Adriatic Sea was barotropic and dominantly wind driven, with maximum current speed of about 1 m s⁻¹. The numerical study also demonstrated that the Bora event decreased the heat content of the water column with an area averaged value of 205 W m⁻² over the shallow northern shelf. It was concluded that the heat budget of the northern Adriatic Sea during the Bora event was a balance between the surface heat loss, horizontal net heat inflow and resulting heat content decrease. The horizontal advection played a particularly important role in controlling the water temperature change over the shallower northern shelf.     

Kinetic Energy Budgets during the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Rammasun (2014)

In this study, Typhoon Rammasun(2014) was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model to examine the kinetic energy during rapid intensification(RI). Budget analyses revealed that in the inner area of the typhoon,the conversion from symmetric divergent kinetic energy associated with the collocation of strong cyclonic circulation and inward flow led to an increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the lower troposphere. The increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic e...     

CMIP6 Evaluation and Projection of Precipitation over Northern China: Further Investigation

Based on 20 models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6), this article explored possible reasons for differences in simulation biases and projected changes in precipitation in northern China among the allmodel ensemble(AMME), “highest-ranked” model ensemble(BMME), and “lowest-ranked” model ensemble(WMME),from the perspective of atmospheric circulations and moisture budgets. The results show that the BMME and AMME reproduce the East Asian winter circulations better than...     

Extreme Cold Events in North America and Eurasia in November-December 2022: A Potential Vorticity Gradient Perspective

From 17 November to 27 December 2022, extremely cold snowstorms frequently swept across North America and Eurasia. Diagnostic analysis reveals that these extreme cold events were closely related to the establishment of blocking circulations. Alaska Blocking(AB) and subsequent Ural Blocking(UB) episodes are linked to the phase transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) and represent the main atmospheric regimes in the Northern Hemisphere. The downstream dispersion and propagation of Rossby...     

Effect of Different Microphysical Parameterizations on the Simulations of a South China Heavy Rainfall

A heavy rainfall event in south China was simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with three microphysics schemes, including the Morrison scheme, Thompson scheme, and Milbrandt and Yau scheme (MY), which aim to evaluate the capability to reproduce the precipitation and radar echo reflectivity features, and to evaluate evaluate their differences in microphysics and the associated thermodynamical and dynamical feedback. Results show that all simulations reproduce the main features crucial for rainfall formation. Compared with the observation, the MY scheme performed better than the other two schemes in terms of intensity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Due to abundant water vapor, the accretion of cloud droplets by raindrops was the dominant process in the growth of raindrops while the contribution of melting was a secondary effect. Riming processes, in which frozen hydrometeors collect cloud droplets mainly, contributed more to the growth of frozen hydrometeors than the Bergeron process. Extremely abundant snow and ice were produced in the Thompson and MY schemes respectively by a deposition process. The MY scheme has the highest condensation and evaporation, but the lowest deposition. As a result, in the MY scheme, the enhanced vertical gradient of condensation heating and evaporation cooling at low levels produces strong positive and weak negative potential vorticity in Guangdong, and may favor the formation of the enhanced rainfall center over there.